Advanced Energy Technologies
Iessa Sabbe Moosa; Hussein A Kazem; Laila Masoud Rashid Al-Iessi
Abstract
Studies on renewable energy are essential topics that help find new energy sources to replace fossil sources and promote environment friendliness. Hydrogen is the most practical alternative energy carrier source that meets the mentioned purposes. The mass of hydrogen element in the Earth's water was ...
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Studies on renewable energy are essential topics that help find new energy sources to replace fossil sources and promote environment friendliness. Hydrogen is the most practical alternative energy carrier source that meets the mentioned purposes. The mass of hydrogen element in the Earth's water was calculated and found to be about 2.1×1020 kg, which is greater than the mass of the world oil reserves by about 9×105 times. In addition, essential details of water molecular arrangement were investigated in order to better understand the electrolysis of water. Also, the energy of covalent and hydrogen bonds per molecule of water was theoretically calculated and found to be about 8.17×10-19 J/molecule and 3.87×10-20 J/molecule, respectively. In the electrolysis process, two stages should be undertaken: the first stage was to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules, in which all water eclectic dipoles would align in the direction of the Applied Electric Field across the electrolysis unit. The second stage was to break water covalent bonds to generate H2 and O2 gases. Moreover, the lowest cost to generate one kg of hydrogen (0.4 $/kg) by electrolysis method using solar energy was about 0.4 $, which has already been proven, while this value was about 2.8 $/kg upon considering the average price of electricity of Oman in comparison.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Reza Rahimi; Alireza Shirneshan
Abstract
In this study, the effects of hydrogen and hydroxygen additions and oxygen enrichment on the emission characteristics of a gasoline engine (EF7) were investigated and compared with each other. The simulation was launched by GT-Power at different engine speeds with 5 % to 15 % volume fractions for both ...
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In this study, the effects of hydrogen and hydroxygen additions and oxygen enrichment on the emission characteristics of a gasoline engine (EF7) were investigated and compared with each other. The simulation was launched by GT-Power at different engine speeds with 5 % to 15 % volume fractions for both of oxygen and hydrogen enrichment and 4.5 % to 9 % volume fractions of hydroxygen addition in the intake gas, respectively. In addition, the model was validated by experimental data. The results showed that CO emission decreased from 11 % to 28 % in the hydrogen-enrichment condition. Moreover, carbon monoxide production was reduced from 28 % to 42 % for hydroxygen addition, and this pollutant emission experienced a reduction of 51 % to 67 % for oxygen enrichment. According to the results, HC emission decreased up to 13% in the hydrogen-enriched air condition, and it was reduced from 30 % to 43 % during hydroxygen addition. In addition, HC emission experienced maximum reduction of 47 % to 68 % during oxygen addition. On the other hand, there was an opposite trend for NOx emission. It was observed that NOx emission increased by around 40 % and 75 % for hydrogen and hydroxygen enrichment, respectively. Moreover, nitrogen oxides enhanced 2 to 5 times during oxygen enrichment, compared to that in the normal condition of the engine. Results showed that 15 % oxygen enrichment and 9 % hydroxygen enrichment had significant effect on the reduction of HC and CO emissions, and oxygen enrichment had greater effect on the rise of NOx emissions than hydrogen and hydroxygen additions.
