Advanced Energy Technologies
Padmanabhan Sambandam; Parthasarathy Murugesan; Mohamed Iqbal Shajahan; Balaguru Sethuraman; Hussein Mohamed Abdelmoneam Hussein
Abstract
Environmental sustainability encompasses various problems including climate change, clean air, renewable energy, non-toxic environments, and capacity to live in a healthy community. Many researchers focus their attention on alternative energy sources, such as ethanol and hydroxy gas, to enhance environmental ...
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Environmental sustainability encompasses various problems including climate change, clean air, renewable energy, non-toxic environments, and capacity to live in a healthy community. Many researchers focus their attention on alternative energy sources, such as ethanol and hydroxy gas, to enhance environmental health and quality of life. The introduction of hydroxy gas as a clean source of energy is gaining significant traction. Also, ethanol has a greater octane number than gasoline. Therefore, the ethanol–gasoline blend has a higher octane number than conventional gasoline. A new combination of hydroxy gas, ethanol, and gasoline is environmentally benign while significantly improving the performance of gasoline engines. This paper tested hydroxy gas in a 197-cc gasoline engine power generator powered with ethanol–gasoline blend. The results demonstrated that thermal efficiency increased up to 23.6 % and fuel consumption decreased up to 36 % on a volume basis, which was a significant improvement over the base engine. Furthermore, the hazardous carbon monoxide reduction reached 11.45 % and the unburned hydrocarbon emissions reached 17.6 %.
Advanced Energy Technologies
Iessa Sabbe Moosa; Hussein A Kazem; Laila Masoud Rashid Al-Iessi
Abstract
Studies on renewable energy are essential topics that help find new energy sources to replace fossil sources and promote environment friendliness. Hydrogen is the most practical alternative energy carrier source that meets the mentioned purposes. The mass of hydrogen element in the Earth's water was ...
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Studies on renewable energy are essential topics that help find new energy sources to replace fossil sources and promote environment friendliness. Hydrogen is the most practical alternative energy carrier source that meets the mentioned purposes. The mass of hydrogen element in the Earth's water was calculated and found to be about 2.1×1020 kg, which is greater than the mass of the world oil reserves by about 9×105 times. In addition, essential details of water molecular arrangement were investigated in order to better understand the electrolysis of water. Also, the energy of covalent and hydrogen bonds per molecule of water was theoretically calculated and found to be about 8.17×10-19 J/molecule and 3.87×10-20 J/molecule, respectively. In the electrolysis process, two stages should be undertaken: the first stage was to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules, in which all water eclectic dipoles would align in the direction of the Applied Electric Field across the electrolysis unit. The second stage was to break water covalent bonds to generate H2 and O2 gases. Moreover, the lowest cost to generate one kg of hydrogen (0.4 $/kg) by electrolysis method using solar energy was about 0.4 $, which has already been proven, while this value was about 2.8 $/kg upon considering the average price of electricity of Oman in comparison.
Advanced Energy Technologies
Fatemeh Boshagh; Khosrow Rostami
Abstract
The current review purpose is to present a general overview of different experimental design methods that are applied to investigate the effect of key factors on dark fermentation and are efficient in predicting the experimental data for biological hydrogen production. The methods of two levels full ...
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The current review purpose is to present a general overview of different experimental design methods that are applied to investigate the effect of key factors on dark fermentation and are efficient in predicting the experimental data for biological hydrogen production. The methods of two levels full and fractional factorials, Plackett–Burman, and Taguchi were employed for screening the most important factors in dark fermentation. The techniques of central composite, Box–Behnken, Taguchi, and one factor at a time for optimization of the dark fermentation were extensively used. Papers on the three levels full and fractional factorials, artificial neural network coupled with genetic algorithm, simplex, and D-optimal for the optimization of the dark fermentation are limited, and no paper on the Dohlert design has been reported to date. The artificial neural network coupled with genetic algorithm is a more suitable method than the RSM technique for the optimization of dark fermentation. Literature shows that the optimization of critical factors plays a significant role in dark fermentation and is useful to improve the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield.