ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Theoretical Investigation of Consumption Patterns Effect on Optimal Orientation of Collector in Solar Water Heating System
One of the subjects in solar water heater design is considering distribution of hot water consumption during the day. For example, each of the household, commercial, office, school, and industrial consumptions have a particular distribution of hot water consumption named pattern in this article. In solar computation principles, the effect of longitude, latitude, and altitude on collector angle has been clearly presented. However, the effect of consumption pattern especially on the collector orientation has been rarely investigated. The aim of the current study is to survey the effect of various consumption patterns on the collector’s orientation and tilt angle and so calculation of related energy saving. So, five common patterns including office building, commercial building, afternoon and morning shift high school and a 15-unit apartment have been studied and optimal surface azimuth angle and tilt angle determined. It has been observed that 11 to 14 % energy saving can be archived by selecting the optimal angles with respect to hot water consumption pattern in comparison to a state that collectors are orientated for maximum reception of solar energy. Also effect of solar fraction, storage volume and amount of hot water consumption are studied and discussed.
https://www.jree.ir/article_70101_a6d4969bc61fa9fe0840808dc8859eef.pdf
2017-02-01
1
10
10.30501/jree.2017.70101
Solar Water Heater
Consumption Pattern
Collector orientation
tilt angle
Azimuth angle
Abbas
Rajabi Khanghahi
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Zamen
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Soufari
3
Iranian Institute R&D in Chemical Industries (ACECR), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Majid
Amidpour
amidpour@kntu.ac.ir
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Abbas Nejad
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rodriguez-Hidalgo, M.C., Rodriguez-Aumente, P.A., Lecuona, A., Legrand, M., and Ventas, R., “Domestic hot water consumption vs. solar thermal energy storage: The optimum size of the storage tank”, Applied Energy, Vol. 97, (2012), 897-906.
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Kim, Y.D., Thu, K., Bhatia, H.K., Bhatia, S.C., and Ng, K.C., “Thermal analysis and performance of a solar hot water plant with economic evaluation”, Solar Energy, Vol. 86, (2012), 1378-1395.
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Dagdougui, H., Ouammi, A., Robba, M., and Sacile, R., “Thermal analysis and performance optimization of a solar water heater flat plate collector: Application to Tetouan (Morocco)”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, (2011), 630-638.
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Lima, J.B.A., Prado, R.T.A., and Taborianski, V.M., “Optimization of tank and flat-plate collector of solar water heating system for single-family households to assure economic efficiency through the TRNSYS program”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 31, (2006), 581-1595.
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Duffie, J.A., and Beckman, W.A., “Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes”, New York, John Wiley & Sons, (1991).
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33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of Solar Absorption Cooling System Considering Hourly Analysis
Thermal modelling and optimal design of a solar absorption cooling system are presented, and hourly analysis is performed over the period of a year. Three design parameters are considered, then the Real Parameter Genetic Algorithm (RPGA) is applied to obtain the minimum total annual cost. The optimization results show that the solar cooling optimum configuration needs 1630 square meter collectors, a storage tank with a 15000L capacity as well as an absorption chiller with 300kW capacity. The hourly analysis shows that the space temperature fluctuates on average every 62 minutes during June and decreases to 51 minutes in September. In addition, the optimum number of collectors increases 26.67% given a 50% increment in electricity price while it decreases 20% given a 50% decrement in electricity price. Finally a sensitivity analysis on RPGA parameters is performed and results are reported.
https://www.jree.ir/article_70102_d85d3522e290bc105728537e109bd74d.pdf
2017-02-01
11
19
10.30501/jree.2017.70102
Solar absorption cooling system
Hourly analysis
Total annual cost
Real Parameter Genetic Algorithm
Decision variables
Zahra
Hajabdollahi
1
Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of science and technology, Wuhan, China
LEAD_AUTHOR
Majid
Sedghi Dehnavi
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Hajabdollahi
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Iran's Balance Sheet (2012), Tehran: Iran Department of Energy
1
2. Martínez, P.J., Martínez, J.C. and Lucas, M., "Design and Test Results of a Low-Capacity Solar Cooling System in Alicante (Spain)", Solar Energy, Vol. 86, (2012), 2950-2960.
2
3. Hajabdollahi, H., Ganjehkaviri, A. and Jaafar, M.N.M., "Thermo-economic optimization of RSORC considering hourly analysis", Energy, Vol. 87, (2015), 369-380.
3
4. Hajabdollahi, H., "Evaluation of cooling and thermal energy storage tanks in optimization of multi-generation system", Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 4, (2015), 1-13.
4
5. Hajabdollahi, H., Ganjehkaviri, A. and Jaafar, M.N.M., "Assessment of new operational strategy in optimization of CCHP plant for different climates using evolutionary algorithms", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 75, (2015), 468-480.
5
6. Hajabdollahi, H., "Investigating the effects of load demands on selection of optimum CCHP-ORC plant", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 87, (2015), 547-558.
6
7. Fan, Y., Luo, L. and Souyri, B., "Review of Solar Sorption Refrigeration Technologies: Development and Applications", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 11, (2007), 1758-75.
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8. Sarbu, I. and Sebarchievici, C., "Review of Solar Refrigeration and Cooling Systems", Energy and Buildings, Vol. 67, (2013), 286-97.
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15. Syed, A., Izquierdo, M., Rodriguez, P., Maidment, G., Missenden, J., Lecuona, A. and Tozer, R., "A Novel Experimental Investigation of a Solar Cooling System in Madrid", International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 28, (2005), 859-871.
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16. Marc, O., Praene, J.P., Bastide, A. and Lucas, F., "Modeling and Experimental Validation of the Solar Loop for Absorption Solar Cooling System Using Double-Glazed Collectors", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 31, (2011), 268-277.
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17. Marcos, J.D., Izquierdo, M. and Parra, D., "Solar Space Heating and Cooling for Spanish Housing: Potential Energy Savings and Emissions Reduction", Solar Energy, Vol. 85, (2011), 2622-2641.
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18. Yin, Y.L., Song, Z.P., Li, Y., Wang, R.Z. and Zhai, X.Q., "Experimental Investigation of a Mini-Type Solar Absorption Cooling System under Different Cooling Modes", Energy and Buildings, Vol. 47, (2012), 131-138.
18
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19
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20
21. Argiriou, A.A., Balaras, C.A., Kontoyiannidis, S. and Michel, E., "Numerical Simulation and Performance Assessment of a Low Capacity Solar Assisted Absorption Heat Pump Coupled with a Sub-Floor System", Solar Energy, Vol. 79, (2005), 290-301.
21
22. Sanjuan, C., Soutullo, S. and Heras, M.R., "Optimization of a Solar Cooling System with Interior Energy Storage", Solar Energy,Vol. 84, (2010), 1244-1254.
22
23. Calise, F., d’Accadia, M.D. and Vanoli, L., "Thermoeconomic Optimization of Solar Heating and Cooling Systems", Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 52, (2011), 1562-1573.
23
24. Praene, J.P., Marc, O., Lucas, F. and Miranville, F., "Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Solar Absorption Cooling System in Reunion Island", Applied Energy, Vol. 88, (2011), 831-839.
24
25. Mateus, T. and Oliveira, A.C., "Energy and Economic Analysis of an Integrated Solar Absorption Cooling and Heating System in Different Building Types and Climates", Applied Energy, Vol. 86, (2009), 949-957.
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26. Hang, Y., Du, L., Qu, M. and Peeta, S., "Multi-Objective Optimization of Integrated Solar Absorption Cooling and Heating Systems for Medium-Sized Office Buildings", Renewable Energy, Vol. 52, (2013), 67-78.
26
27. Mazloumi, M., Naghashzadegan, M. and Javaherdeh, K., "Simulation of Solar Lithium Bromide–Water Absorption Cooling System with Parabolic Trough Collector", Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 49, (2008), 2820-2832.
27
28. Duffy, J., Beckman, W., Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Wiley&Sons, New York, (1991).
28
29. Sepehr, S. and Hassan, H., "Thermo-economic optimization of solar CCHP plant using Genetic and Particle swarm Algorithms", Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 6, (2014), 430-442.
29
30. Khorasaninejad, E. and Hajabdollahi, H., "Thermo-Economic and Environmental Optimization of Solar assisted Heat Pump Plant by using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Algorithm", Energy, Vol. 72, (2014), 680-690.
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33. Safaripour, M.H. and Mehrabian, M.A., "Predicting the direct, diffuse, and global solar radiation on a horizontal surface and comparing with real data", Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, (2011), 1537-1551.
33
34. Hajabdollahi, H., Ahmadi, P. and Dincer, I., "Modeling and Multi-Objective Optimization of Plain Fin and Tube Heat Exchanger Using Evolutionary Algorithm", International Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 3, (2011), 424-431.
34
35. Hajabdollahi, H., Ahmadi, P. and Dincer, I., "Exergetic optimization of shell-and-tube heat exchangers using NSGA-II", Heat Transfer Engineering, Vol. 33, (2012), 618-628.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Different Types of Pitch Angle Control Strategies Used in Wind Turbine System Applications
The most common controller in wind turbine is the blade pitch angle control in order to get the desired power. Controlling the pitch angle in wind turbines has a direct impact on the dynamic performance of the machine and fluctuations in the power systems. Due to constant changes in wind speed, the wind turbines are of nonlinear and multivariate system. The design of a controller that can adapt itself with the system, at any given time, is of crucial importance. To limit the aerodynamic power gained from the wind turbine in the high wind speed areas, different methods has are applied on pitch angle. In this paper an extensive literature review on pitch angle control technique in wind turbine has been highlighted. Classical and adaptive controllers, structure control, robust control and intelligent control are among the control methods adopted in this study. In comparison of the controllers, although adaptive and robust controllers, with less sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions, outperform the classic controller, the intelligent controller system presents the best performance of the wind turbines through estimating the system variables and appropriate adaptation to changes at the operating point.
https://www.jree.ir/article_70103_1db1f11ead7e784b7ae97b2eaff1ff96.pdf
2017-02-01
20
35
10.30501/jree.2017.70103
wind turbines
blade pitch angle control
maximum power tracking
controller
Ehsan
Hosseini
ehsanhosseini.690@gmail.com
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ghazanfar
Shahgholian
shahgholiangh@gmail.com
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Li, X., Chau, K.T. and Cheng, M., "Analysis, design and experimental verification of a field-modulated permanent-magnet machine for direct-drive wind turbines", IET Electric Power Applications, Vol. 9, No. 2, (2015), 150-159.
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Jafari, A. and Shahgholian, G., "Analysis and simulation of a sliding mode controller for mechanical part of a doubly-fed induction generator based wind turbine", IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 11, No. 10, (2017), 2677-2688.
2
Tohidi, S., "Analysis and simplified modelling of brushless doubly-fed induction machine in synchronous mode of operation", IET Electric Power Applications, Vol. 10, No. 2, (2016), 110-116.
3
Hedarpour, F. and Shahgholian, G., "Design and simulation of sliding and fuzzy sliding mode controller in hydro-turbine governing system", Journal of Iranian Dam and Hedroelectric Powerplant, Vol. 4, No. 12, (2017), 10-20.
4
Pradhan, C. and Bhende, C.N., "Frequency sensitivity analysis of load damping coefficient in wind farm-integrated power system sign in or purchase", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 32, No. 2, (2017), 1016-1029.
5
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6
Golshannavaz, S. and Nazarpour, D., "Dynamic stabilization of wind farms deploying static synchronous series compensator", Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment, Vol. 2, No. 2, (2015), 1-8.
7
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8
Hosseini, E. and Shahgholian, G., "Partial- or full-power production in WECS: a survey of control and structural strategies", European Power Electronics and Drives, Vol. 27, No. 3, (2017), 125-142.
9
Tavoosi, M., Fani, B. and Adib, E., "Stability analysis and control of DFIG based wind turbine using FBC strategy", Journal of Intelligent Procedures in Electrical Technology, Vol. 4, No. 15, (2013), 31-42.
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11
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12
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13
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14
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15
Fooladgar, M., Rok-Rok, E., Fani, B. and Shahgholian, G., "Evaluation of the trajectory sensitivity analysis of the DFIG control parameters in response to changes in wind speed and the line impedance connection to the grid DFIG", Journal of Intelligent Procedures in Electrical Technology, Vol. 5, No. 20, (2015), 37-54.
16
Cheng, F., Qu, L. and Qiao, W., "Fault prognosis and remaining useful life prediction of wind turbine gearboxes using current signal analysis", IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 9, No. 1, (2018), 157-167.
17
Mozafarpoor-Khoshrodi, S.H. and Shahgholian, G., "Improvement of perturb and observe method for maximum power point tracking in wind energy conversion system using fuzzy controller", Energy Equipment and Systems, Vol. 4, No. 2, (2016), 111-122.
18
Shahgholian, G., Khani, K. and Moazzami, M., "The Impact of DFIG based wind turbines in power system load frequency control with hydro turbine", Journal of Iranian Dam and Hedroelectric Powerplant, Vol. 1, No. 3, (2015), 38-51.
19
Johnson, S.J., Larwood, S., McNerney, G. and Van Dam, C.P., "Balancing fatigue damage and turbine performance through innovative pitch control algorithm", Wind Energy, Vol. 15, No. 5, (2012), 665-677.
20
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21
Yang, B., Jiang, L., Wang, L., Yao, W. and Wu, Q.H., "Nonlinear maximum power point tracking control and modal analysis of DFIG based wind turbine", International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 74, (2016), 429–436.
22
Smida, M.B. and Sakly, A., "Different conventional strategies of pitch angle control for variable speed wind turbines", Proceeding of the IEEE/STA, (2014), 803-808.
23
Yousefi, M.R., Shahgholian, G., Etesami, A. and Shafaghi, P., "Small signal modeling and analysis of control speed for two mass resonant system", Proceeding of the IEEE/IPEC, (2010), 1000-1003.
24
Yang, G. and Hao, Z., "Fuzzy self-adaptive PID control of the variable speed constant frequency variable-pitch wind turbine system", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICSSE, (2014), 124-127.
25
Mahdavian, M., Shahgholian, G., Janghorbani, M., Soltani, B. and Wattanapongsakorn, N., "Load frequency control in power system with hydro turbine under various conditions", Proceeding of the IEEE/ECTICON, (2015), 1-5.
26
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27
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28
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29
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30
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31
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32
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34
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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42
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43
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Thermal Pretreatment for Improvement of Biogas Production and Salinity Reduction by Zeolite
The anaerobic digestion of organic waste for biogas production can be affected by some variables such as temperature; concentration of the biogas feed solution, bacteria populations, and pressure. This study investigated the effects of thermal pretreatment at 50, 75, and 100 ºC on the biogas produced by simultaneous anaerobic digestion of cow manure, mushroom waste, and wheat straw at thermophilic temperature. Moreover, the effects of a zeolite on reducing the salinity of the wastewater were evaluated. Cow manure, mushroom waste, and wheat straw were mixed to yield a mixture with an optimum carbon to nitrogen ratio of 20-30 and TS of 25-35%. Each thermal pretreatment was prepared in four replicates and placed in a steam bath with a temperature of 55 ºC. The amount of gas produced by each thermal pretreatment was measured every day for 15 days. On day 15, the electrical conductivity of the produced wastewater was measured and the wastewater was exposed to a modified zeolite. The results showed that the greatest level of biogas was produced by thermal pretreatment at 75 ºC, which gave the biogas yield of 0.197 L/gVS after 15 days observation while, the other thermal pretreatments at 50, and 100 ºC gave the biogas yield 0.147, and 0.169 L/gVS, respectively. The highest amount of biogas was achieved on the third day for every three thermal pretreatments. Moreover, the modified zeolite reduced the wastewater salinity by 25%. These results confirmed that thermal pretreatment at 75 ºC is an effective pretreatment for biogas production improvement from the mixture of cow manure, mushroom waste, and wheat straw, and the modified zeolite could be used for salinity reduction of wastewater discharged from the process.
https://www.jree.ir/article_70104_a39ff3b0074d60a0ee9e053c6495c83f.pdf
2017-02-01
36
40
10.30501/jree.2017.70104
Biogas
Thermal pretreatment
Wastewater
Zeolite
Rozita
Asgari
1
Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Farida
Iraji Asiabadi
f.irajy@khuisf.ac.ir
2
Water Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hadi
Radnezhad
3
Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
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37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Temperature on Electrical Parameters of Phosphorous Spin–on Diffusion of Polysilicon Solar Cells
Effects of temperature on electrical parameters of polysilicon solar cells, fabricated using the phosphorous spin-on diffusion technique, have been studied. The current density–voltagecharacteristics of polycrystalline silicon solar cells were measured in dark at different temperaturelevels. For this purpose, a diode equivalent model was used to obtain saturation current densitiesmeasured at the required temperatures. The experimental results showed that the increase intemperature from 27 to 70˚C produced a rapid increase in the saturation current densities from 0.00003to 0.0005A. The changes in the open circuit voltage and the short circuit current density were found tobe linear with the temperature variations: about 3 mV/˚C reduction in the open circuit voltage wasobserved. Measurements of the short circuit current density revealed a very small dependency of thecurrent density on the temperature variations. Accordingly, the short circuit current density increasedfrom 17.8 to 18.4 mA with increase in temperature from 27 to 107˚C. Measurements of the outputpower versus load resistance were obtained at different temperature levels. The results showed that theoutput power dropped by 30% with temperature rise from 27 to 107˚C.
https://www.jree.ir/article_70105_08c49abfb6019aa4d7f0c12b508a998d.pdf
2017-02-01
41
45
10.30501/jree.2017.70105
Temperature effect
reverse saturation current
open circuit voltage
Short Circuit Current
Output Power
polysilicon solar cell
Siamak
Azimi-Nam
1
Department of Advanced Materials and Renewable Energy, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Foad
Farhani
f.farhani@irost.ir
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Wysocki, J.J., Rappaport, P., "Effect of temperature on photovoltaic solar energy”, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 31, No. 2, (1960), 571–588.
1
2. Luft, W., “Effect of electron irradiation on N on P silicon solar cells”, Advanced Energy Conversion, Vol. 5, No. 1, (1965), 21–40.
2
3. Bhaumik, B., Sharan, R., “Temperature effects in Schottky barrier solar cells”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 29, No. 4, (1976), 257–268.
3
4. Burgess, E.L., Fossum, J.G., “Performance of n+ - p Silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight”, IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices, Vol. ED24, No. 4, (1977), 433–438.
4
5. Agarwal, S.K., Jain, S.C., “Temperature effects in silicon solar cells”, Journal of Solid State Electronics, Vol. 23, (1980), 1021–1028.
5
6. Karazhanov, S.Zh., “Temperature and doping level dependence of solar cell performance including excitons”, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 63, No. 2, (2000), 149–163.
6
7. Green, M.A., “General temperature dependence of solar cell performance and implications for device modeling”, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 11, No. 5, (2003), 333–340.
7
8. Radziemska, E., “Effect of temperature on dark current characteristics of silicon solar cells and diodes”, International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 30, No. 2, (2003), 127–134.
8
9. Radziemska, E., “The effect of temperature on power drop in crystalline silicon”, Journal of Renewable Energy, Vol. 28, No. 1, (2003), 1-12.
9
10. Sabry, M., Ghitas, A.E., “Influence of temperature on methods for determining silicon solar cell series resistance”, Journal of solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 3, (2007), 331–335.
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11. Singh, P., Singh, S.N., Lal, M., Husain, M., "Temperature dependence of I-V characteristics and performance parameters of silicon solar cell", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 92, No. 12, (2008), 1611–1616.
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12. Singh, P., Ravindra, N.M., "Temperature dependence of solar cell performance—an analysis", Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol. 101, (2010), 36-45.
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13
14. Chander, S., Purohit, A., Sharma, A., Nehra, S.P., Dhaka, M.S., "A study on photovoltaic parameters of mono-crystalline silicon solar cell with cell temperature", Energy Reports, Vol. 1, (2015), 104-109.
14
15. Karki, I.B., "Effect of Temperature on the I-V Characteristics of a Polycrystalline Solar Cell", Journal of Nepal Physical Society, Vol. 3, No. 1, (2015), 35-40.
15
16. Azimi-Nam, S., “Electrical parameters of phosphorous spin-on diffusion of polysilicon solar cells” 22nd International Iranian Power System Conference, 98– E-REN–989, Tehran, Iran, (2007).
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An overview of organic/inorganic membranes based on sulfonated poly ether ether ketone for application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Nowadays, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the most promising green energy conversion devices for portable and stationary applications. Traditionally, these devices were based onperfluoro-sulfonic acid electrolytes membranes, given the commercial name Nafion. Nafion is the mostused electrolyte membrane till now; because of its high electrochemical properties such as high protonconductivity, good mechanical and chemical stability at fuel cell conditions, and .... However, its high cost, reducing the performance at temperature higher than 80℃, and low humidity are the majorproblems. Hydrocarbon polymers are encouraging alternative to Nafion, since they show the same oreven superior performance than Nafion at high temperature and low humidity by some modifications. Numerous researches confirmed that Sulfonated poly ether ether ketone (SPEEK) is a promising PEMbecause of its low-cost, low fuel cross over, and acceptable thermo-mechanical stabilities. However,suitable proton conductivity in SPEEKs is depending on the high degree of sulfonation (DS), whichcould deteriorate the mechanical properties of SPEEK membranes progressively at the high level. Toovercome this dilemma, various SPPEK-based hybrid/blend membranes are synthesized, and theeffects of the introduced fillers on their performance are investigated. The introduced inorganicparticles to the polymer membranes might be silica, zirconia, titania, heteropolyacids, carbonnanotubes, and.... Enhanced proton conductivity, water retention at high temperatures, and higherelectrochemical properties are mentioned as some advantages of incorporating inorganic material intothe polymer matrix. High thermo-mechanical resistance and electrochemical activities are supplied byinorganic moieties, while the organic parts supply plasticity and easier ductility at the low temperature.Indeed, SPEEK blends have a good potential to alter Nafion at the high temperature and/or relativelylow humidity. In this paper, the last advances in progress of SPEEK-based organic/inorganiccomposite membranes that perform truly under fuel cell conditions are discussed.
https://www.jree.ir/article_70106_82e054b63ad6d51e81d13ac15fbdf978.pdf
2017-02-01
46
60
10.30501/jree.2017.70106
Fuel Cell
poly ether ether ketone
Nanocomposite
Membrane
Somayeh
Sarirchi
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Rowshanzamir
rowshanzamir@iust.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Lee, C., Mu, S., Choi, J., Baek, K.-Y., Truong, Y.B., Kyratzis, I.L. and Shul, Y.-G., "SiO2/sulfonated poly ether ether ketone (SPEEK) composite nanofiber mat supported proton exchange membranes for fuel cells", Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 48, No. 10, (2013), 3665–3671.
1
2. Li, L., Liu, B., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Yu, Y., Jing, L. and Jiang, Z., "Synthesis of Sulfonated Fluorenyl-Containing Poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s and Their Blends with an Amino-Functionalized Poly(ether ether ketone) for Fuel Cell Applications", Macromolecular Research, Vol. 21, (2013), 719-725.
2
3. Rangasamy, V.S., Thayumanasundaram, S., Greef, N.D., Seo, J.W. and Locquet, J.-P., "Preparation and characterization of composite membranes based on sulfonated PEEK and AlPO4 for PEMFCs", Solid State Ionics, Vol. 216, (2012), 83–89.
3
4. Tripathi, B.P. and Shahi, V.K., "Organic–inorganic nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications", Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 36, (2011), 945–979.
4
5. Hung, T.F., Liao, S.H., Li, C.Y. and Chen-Yang, Y.W., "Effect of sulfonated carbon nanofiber-supported Pt on performance of Nafion®-based self-humidifying composite membrane for proton exchange membrane fuel cell", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, (2011), 126–132.
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6
7. Arigonda, M., Deshpande, A.P. and Varughese, S., "Effect of PES on the Morphology and Properties of Proton Conducting Blends with Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone)", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, (2013), 5100-5110.
7
8. Yen, Y.-C., Ye, Y.-S., Cheng, C.-C., Lu, C.-H., Tsai, L.-D., Huang, J.-M., Chang, F.-C., "The effect of sulfonic acid groups within a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing cross-linked proton exchange membrane", Polymer, Vol. 51, No. 1, (2010), p. 84-91.
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14. Parnian, M.J., Rowshanzamir, S. and Gashoul, F., "Comprehensive investigation of physicochemical and electrochemical properties of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) membranes with different degrees of sulfonation for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications", Energy, Vol. 125, (2017), 614-628.
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15. Carbone, A., Pedicini, R., Saccà, A., Gatto, I., Passalacqua, E., "Composite S-PEEK membranes for medium temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 178, (2008), 661-666.
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16. Reinholdt, M.X. and Kaliaguine, S., "Proton Exchange Membranes for Application in Fuel Cells: Grafted Silica/SPEEK Nanocomposite Elaboration and Characterization", Langmuir, Vol. 26, No. 13, (2010), 11184–11195.
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17. Luu, D.X. and Kim, D., "sPEEK/ZPMA composite proton exchange membrane for fuel cell application", Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 371, (2011), 248–253.
17
18. Gashoul, F., Parnian, M.J. and Rowshanzamir, S., "A new study on improving the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of SPEEK nanocomposite membranes for medium temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells using different loading of zirconium oxide nanoparticles", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, (2017), 590-602.
18
19. Onuma, A., Kawaji, J., Suzuki, S., Morishima, M., Takamori, Y., Asano, N. and Tadanaga, K., "Effect of the addition of hydrated titanium oxide on proton conductivity for aromatic polymer electrolyte membrane", Solid State Ionics, Vol. 277, (2015), 72–76.
19
20. Rowshanzamir, S., Peighambardoust, S.J., Parnian, M.J., Amirkhanlou, G.R. and Rahnavard, A., "Effect of Pt-Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 catalyst addition on durability of self-humidifying nanocomposite membranes based on sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 40, No. 1, (2015), 549-560.
20
21. Peighambardoust, S.J., Rowshanzamir , S., Hosseini, M.G., Yazdanpour, M., "Self-humidifying nanocomposite membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and heteropolyacid supported Pt catalyst for fuel cells", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36, (2011), 10940-10957.
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22. Gong, C., Zheng, X., Liu, H., Wang, G., Cheng, F., Zheng, G., Wen, S., Law, W.-C., Tsui, C.-P., Tang, C.-Y., "A new strategy for designing high-performance sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) polymer electrolyte membranes using inorganic proton conductor-functionalized carbon nanotubes", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 325, (2016), 453-464.
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23. Mirzaei, F., Parnian, M.J. and Rowshanzamir, S., "Durability investigation and performance study of hydrothermal synthesized platinum-multi walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cell", Energy, Vol. 138, (2017), 696-705.
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24. Esmaeilifar, A., Yazdanpour, M., Rowshanzamir, S. and Eikani, M.H., "Hydrothermal synthesis of Pt/MWCNTs nanocomposite electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36, No. 9, (2011), 5500-5511.
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26. Du, L., Yan, X., He, G., Wu, X., Hu, Z. and Wang, Y., "SPEEK proton exchange membranes modified with silica sulfuric acid nanoparticles", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, (2012), 11853-11861.
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27. Hasani-Sadrabadi, M.M., Dashtimoghadam , E., Majedi , F.S., Kabiri, K., Solati-Hashjin, M. and Moaddel, H., "Novel nanocomposite proton exchange membranes based on Nafion® and AMPS-modified montmorillonite for fuel cell applications", Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 365, (2010), 286–293.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Systems in the Four Climate Regions of Iran
Renewable systems influence the process of supplying domestic electricity demands. It will be useful to replace the conventional energy generation system by renewable energy sources since the uncontrolled use of fossil fuels is accompanied by global warming and environmental hazards, in addition to the danger of their depletion, and because most of the energy derived from these fuels are used in buildings. Economical renewable energy systems have not yet been studied in each climate of Iran. Considering the historical background and the potential biomass of Iran, the potential of using a hybrid solar cell/wind turbine/biomass system for supplying the electricity demands of a residential building in each of the four climate regions of Iran has been studied by using HOMER software in this paper. HOMER software has been determined the most cost-efficient system for each region by using the solar radiation and wind speed data, which are acquired over 20 years. By considering economic issues, results indicate that usage of solar cells is the ideal option for the cold, hot dry and warm humid climates (Total net present cost (NPC) and cost of electricity (COE) are $11639 and 1.808 $/kWh, respectively). Also, usage of systems based on biomass is the best choice for the moderate and humid climates (total NPC and COE are $13211 and 2.052 $/kWh, respectively for Babol and $13075 and 2.031 $/kWh, respectively for Chalous).
https://www.jree.ir/article_70107_75dbc7df65cf21502d4ca1c3531d0e9b.pdf
2017-02-01
61
70
10.30501/jree.2017.70107
Biogas
Battery
converter
cost of energy (COE)
total net present cost (Total NPC)
Shoeleh
Vahdatpour
1
Department of Architecture, Sepehr institute of Higher Educational
AUTHOR
Shokoofeh
Behzadfar
2
Department of Architecture, Sepehr institute of Higher Educational
AUTHOR
Leila
Siampour
3
Department of Architecture, Sepehr institute of Higher Educational
AUTHOR
Elahe
Veisi
4
Department of Architecture, Sepehr institute of Higher Educational
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Jahangiri
jahangiri.m@iaushk.ac.ir
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
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