Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Dnyaneshwar S. Malwad; Deepak C. Sonawane
Abstract
Preserving food from harvest to consumer level is a challenge in the agriculture sector. Drying is a crucial post-harvest technique that lowers moisture to levels suitable for storage. Solar drying is a traditional renewable energy drying process. Different solar drying methods have been developed ...
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Preserving food from harvest to consumer level is a challenge in the agriculture sector. Drying is a crucial post-harvest technique that lowers moisture to levels suitable for storage. Solar drying is a traditional renewable energy drying process. Different solar drying methods have been developed to speed up the drying process and maintain the product's nutritious content. Indirect solar drying is one of the efficient drying methods that has better control over the drying temperature. Indirect solar drying has developed into a desirable, effective, and environmentally responsible drying technique when combined with solar collectors and thermal storage. Flat plates, evacuated tubes, and concentrated solar collectors are used in indirect solar dryers along with direct air heating or thermal storage systems. This study aims to review the improvement in the drying rate with different air heating mechanisms. Flat plate collectors with liquid working fluid are employed to heat the air, whereas in evacuated tube collectors, the air is directly heated passing through the tubes. Working fluids, air temperature, air velocity, and solar radiation are important dryer parameters affecting the drying rate. The paper also discusses the usage of heat storage devices for continuous drying operations. The drying time is greatly reduced through integration with latent and sensible storage technologies. Products that have been dried using indirect solar dryer and appropriate drying models are tabulated. Aspects of indirect solar drying and challenges in drying time reduction are also reported.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Satyaprasad Mohapatra; Akshaya Kumar Patra; Debswarup Rath
Abstract
The design of a Spotted Hyena Optimization Algorithm-Variable Parameter Tilt Integral Derivative with Filter (SHO-VPTIDF) controller for improved performance and enhanced devaluation of harmonic components of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the main objective of the suggested manuscript. The SHO-VPTIDF ...
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The design of a Spotted Hyena Optimization Algorithm-Variable Parameter Tilt Integral Derivative with Filter (SHO-VPTIDF) controller for improved performance and enhanced devaluation of harmonic components of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the main objective of the suggested manuscript. The SHO-VPTIDF controller is proposed by reformulating Tilt Integral Derivative Controller with Filter (TIDCF). The TIDCF is characterized by longer simulation time, lower robustness, longer settling time, attenuated ability for noise rejection, and limited use. This research gap is addressed by replacing the constant gains of TIDCF by variable parameter tilt integral derivative with filter. The VPTIDF replaces the constant gains of TIDCF with error varying control parameters to improve the robustness of the system. The photovoltaic system with nonlinearities causes power quality issues and occasional faults, which can be detected by using Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm (LMA) based machine learning technique. The novelties of the proposed manuscript including improved stability, better robustness, upgraded accuracy, better harmonic mitigation ability, and improved ability to handle uncertainties are verified in a Matlab simulink environment. In this manuscript, the SHO-VPTIDF and the Direct and Quadrature Control based Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (DQCSPWM) method are employed for fault classification, harmonic diminishing, stability enhancement, better system performance, better accuracy, improved robustness, and better capabilities to handle system uncertainties.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Reza Roohi; Masoud Akbari
Abstract
The design of novel and effective receivers is one of the most challenging aspects of solar energy harvesters, especially for Parabolic Dish Collectors (PDCs). The variation of solar flux due to the solar time and sky clearance index can affect the output thermal energy of the collector. One of the major ...
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The design of novel and effective receivers is one of the most challenging aspects of solar energy harvesters, especially for Parabolic Dish Collectors (PDCs). The variation of solar flux due to the solar time and sky clearance index can affect the output thermal energy of the collector. One of the major approaches to producing a uniform performance for the PDCs is the utilization of Phase Change Materials (PCMs). The PCMs can absorb the solar flux at its peak instances. Subsequently, due to the thermal buffering effect, excess energy is released in cases with lower solar flux. In the present study, a novel design of receiver with multiple layers of thin PCM inserted between the passages of the working fluid is numerically simulated. The simulations are designed to determine the effect of operational parameters on the performance of the examined novel receiver. According to the results, by increasing the Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) flow rate from 60 to 90 kg/h, the system efficiency is increased from 53.8 to 66.4 %.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
G. N. Tiwari; Prashant Bhardwaj; Sujata Nayak
Abstract
This study considers N-photovoltaic thermal-thermo electric cooler (PVT-TEC) air collectors connected in series for thermal and electrical performance. An improved Hottel-Whiller-Bliss (HWB) equation and mass flow rate factor were derived for the nth PVT-TEC air collectors. The derivation is based on ...
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This study considers N-photovoltaic thermal-thermo electric cooler (PVT-TEC) air collectors connected in series for thermal and electrical performance. An improved Hottel-Whiller-Bliss (HWB) equation and mass flow rate factor were derived for the nth PVT-TEC air collectors. The derivation is based on energy balance equation for each component of N-photovoltaic thermal-thermo electric cooler (PVT-TEC) air collectors connected in series. Further, thermal energy and electrical energy from PV module and TEC were analyzed based on a given design and climatic parameters along with the overall exergy of the proposed system on the hourly and daily bases. Numerical computations were conducted using MATLAB under Indian climatic conditions. The proposed thermal model is valid for all climatic and weather conditions. Based on the numerical computations carried out, the following conclusions were made:
The electrical power of PV module decreased with increase in the number of the n^th PVT-TEC air collectors as the electrical power of TEC increased.
The overall instantaneous exergy efficiency decreased with increase in the number of the n^th PVT-TEC air collectors.
Packing factor of TEC was found to be a very sensitive parameter for optimizing the number of PVT-TEC air collectors to ensure maximum overall exergy, and it was found to be β_tec=0.5. for N=7
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Gopal Nath Tiwari; Shikha Singh; Yashwant Kumar Singh
Abstract
This paper presents an analytical expression for the temperatures of the plant, room air, and solar cell, as well as the electrical efficiency, for a photo-voltaic thermal (PVT) roof façade of a greenhouse integrated semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal (GiSPVT) system. The expression considers ...
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This paper presents an analytical expression for the temperatures of the plant, room air, and solar cell, as well as the electrical efficiency, for a photo-voltaic thermal (PVT) roof façade of a greenhouse integrated semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal (GiSPVT) system. The expression considers climatic variables such as solar intensity and ambient air temperature, as well as design parameters such as the area of the PV module, electrical efficiency under standard test conditions (STC), temperature coefficient, and various heat transfer coefficients. Using monthly numerical computations for different parameters in Indian climatic conditions, this study evaluates energy matrices such as energy payback time (EPBT), energy production factor (EPF), and life cycle conversion efficiency (LCCE) for various solar cell materials, including single-crystalline (c-Si), multi-crystalline (mc-Si), amorphous (a-Si), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and cadmium telluride (CdTe), with and without thermal exergy. Considering that the life span of greenhouse materials varies from 5-30 years for low cost, medium, and high-tech greenhouses, different solar cell materials are recommended for different life spans of GiSPVT. Therefore, this study recommends suitable solar cell materials for known greenhousedesigns:(a) EPBT and LCCE for c-Si/ mc-Si are about 3.5 to 4.5 years and 13 to 22%, respectively, with respect to thermal exergy. Hence, these two solar cell materials are most suitable for high-tech greenhouses that are similar to crystalline solar cell in terms of life cycle. (b) EPBT and LCCE of CIGS are 1.17 years and 16.44%, respectively, with respect to thermal exergy. Hence, the solar cell material of CIGS is most suitable for low-cost greenhouses.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Md. Rashedul Alam; Iftekhar Uddin Bhuiyan; Nur Mohammad
Abstract
The output power of a Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) plant depends mainly on the solar irradiance on the photovoltaic (PV) modules. Therefore, short-term variations in solar irradiance cause variations in the output power of solar power plants, making solar photovoltaic grid integration unstable. Solar irradiance ...
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The output power of a Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) plant depends mainly on the solar irradiance on the photovoltaic (PV) modules. Therefore, short-term variations in solar irradiance cause variations in the output power of solar power plants, making solar photovoltaic grid integration unstable. Solar irradiance variations mainly occur due to the weather conditions of a given location, especially the movement of clouds and seasonal effects. Consequently, assessing the variability of solar irradiance over the course of a year is essential to identify the extent of these variations. Geographical dispersion and cloud enhancement are two important factors affecting output power variations in a PV plant. Geographical dispersion reduces such variations, while cloud enhancement increases them. This study utilizes two ground station-based solar Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) datasets to assess the viability of solar irradiance in the Chittagong division of Bangladesh. The analysis reveals a significant number of days with high short-term solar irradiance variation. In addition to solar irradiance, the frequency and voltage at the interconnection point are important for safe grid integration. It was observed that the grid frequency exceeded the range specified by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), but remained within the grid code range of Bangladesh. Grid voltage variation at the interconnection substation was found to be within the standard range during the daytime, but low voltage was observed at the grid level during the rest period. Therefore, it is crucial to implement necessary preventive measures to reduce short-term variations for the safe grid integration of large-scale variable SPV plants.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Zaiba Ishrat; Ankur Kumar Gupta; Seema Nayak
Abstract
Solar power energy continues to be a renewable and sustainable source of energy in the coming year due to its cleaner nature and abundant availability. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used in solar power systems to extract maximum power from photovoltaic (PV) modules by tracking the ...
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Solar power energy continues to be a renewable and sustainable source of energy in the coming year due to its cleaner nature and abundant availability. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used in solar power systems to extract maximum power from photovoltaic (PV) modules by tracking the operating point of the modules. MPPT is essential for achieving optimal power output from a solar panel, particularly in variable weather conditions. Traditional MPPT techniques are subject to limitations in handling the partial shading conditions (PSC). To ensure the tracking of maximum power point while boosting the MPPT's overall efficacy and performance, Machine Learning must be integrated into MPPT. As per the reviewer work, ML techniques have the potential to play a crucial role in the development of advanced MPPT systems for solar power systems operating under partial shading conditions and to compare the performance of existing ML-MPPT in terms of accuracy, response time, and efficacy. These review papers technically analyze the result of ML-MPPT techniques and suggest the optimum ML-MPPT tactics that are Q learning, Bayesian Regularization Neural Network (BRNN), and Multivariate Linear Regression Model (MLIR) to achieve optimum outcomes in MPPT under PSC. Further, these techniques can offer efficiency greater than 95%, tracking duration less than 1sec, and error threshold of 0.05.In the future, the reviewer may propose simulation work to compare the optimal algorithms.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Mohamed Chouidira; Nabila Ihaddadene; Razika Ihaddadenea; Mohamed El Hacena Jed; Younes Kherbiche
Abstract
The study explores the impact of surface orientation and tilt on incident solar irradiation. It was conducted in M'Sila, an Algerian province, from February to June. A number of experiments were carried out using an experimental setup consisting of a heliometer and a slant changer, which allowed for ...
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The study explores the impact of surface orientation and tilt on incident solar irradiation. It was conducted in M'Sila, an Algerian province, from February to June. A number of experiments were carried out using an experimental setup consisting of a heliometer and a slant changer, which allowed for the variation of the tilt angle. Nineteen tilt angles ranging from 0° to 90° were investigated for the four main directions: North, South, East, and West. The obtained outcomes were statistically analyzed. At east and south orientations, incident solar irradiance rose as a function of tilt angle, reaching a maximum at the optimal angle, and then gradually decreased. Generally, the incident solar irradiance decreased as the tilt angle increased in the case of west and north orientations. The tilt angle of the exposed surface as well as the sun's elevation in the sky affected the amount of intercepted energy significantly at each orientation (p<0.05). When the sun was low in the sky, the south orientation was most preferred for an inclination greater than or equal to 25°. The north-facing surfaces with steep slopes (β³ 55°) received the least amount of solar radiation. These results hold great importance, particularly in the building sector, as they can be utilized to achieve energy saving.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Dorsa Razeghi Jahromi; Ali Minoofar; Ghazal Ghorbani; Aslan Gholami; Mohammad Ameri; Majid Zandi
Abstract
Floating photovoltaic solar systems offer numerous advantages, including reduced land usage, diminished water evaporation, and lowered thermal losses compared to terrestrial installations. If widely adopted, this system has the potential to generate a staggering 10,600 TWh of electricity. The widespread ...
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Floating photovoltaic solar systems offer numerous advantages, including reduced land usage, diminished water evaporation, and lowered thermal losses compared to terrestrial installations. If widely adopted, this system has the potential to generate a staggering 10,600 TWh of electricity. The widespread implementation of this technology could curtail water evaporation by approximately 30%. Floating solar power plants operate at temperatures about 20°C cooler than their terrestrial counterparts, enabling floating panels to yield up to 33.3% more energy. Furthermore, floating photovoltaic systems exhibit an 18.18% greater efficacy in curbing greenhouse gas emissions compared to their land-based counterparts. The heightened adoption of this system is driven by diverse factors, including escalating energy demand, ecological concerns, land-use constraints, and water scarcity, all contributing to sustainability. Despite the manifold benefits of these systems, there exist drawbacks associated with this technology, such as heightened panel corrosion, challenges in cleaning, and potential adverse environmental impacts that need to be addressed. This study meticulously examines the merits and challenges of floating photovoltaic systems in comparison to land-based installations through the content analysis method, meticulously categorizing pertinent research within the existing literature. Tailored approaches to cooling and cleaning, suited to the distinct installation conditions and environments of these systems, are concisely outlined. Through a comprehensive literature review and a meticulous comparison of cooling methods, it has been ascertained that the application of such strategies for floating solar plants yields an efficiency increase of 5-7% in the short term. Consequently, this study furnishes an initial guide for researchers and designers engaged in the development of both floating and land-based solar photovoltaic systems.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Mohamed R. Gomaa; Njoud H. Alhabahbh; Mohammed Abbas Al-Nawafleh
Abstract
This research reviews various studies on the effect of using nanofluids in evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSC). The initial segment of this study elaborates on the importance of using the ETSCs and categorizes these collectors in terms of classification and application. The second segment evaluates ...
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This research reviews various studies on the effect of using nanofluids in evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSC). The initial segment of this study elaborates on the importance of using the ETSCs and categorizes these collectors in terms of classification and application. The second segment evaluates the physical properties of nanofluids incorporated in the solar system collector and presents some applications of nanofluids. The last segment of the research reviews the works of a group of researchers who have already applied nanofluids to evacuated tube solar collectors for various purposes, including increasing the heat transfer coefficient and improving efficiency. Among the prevalent nanofluids employed in solar applications, Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2 feature prominently, whereas Ag, WO3, and CeO2 find limited application in the solar context. Furthermore, nanofluids within the size range of 1–25 nm, 25–50 nm, and 50–100 nm constitute 54%, 25%, and 11% of the applications, respectively. Particularly noteworthy, the single-walled carbon nanotubes/water (SWCNT/water) heat pipe showcases the most remarkable efficiency enhancement, achieving an impressive 93.43% improvement.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Debswarup Rath; Akshaya Kumar Patra; Sanjeeb Kumar Kar
Abstract
The primary objective of the proposed work is the design of a Hybrid Teaching Learning-based Horse Herd Optimization Algorithm regulated Fractional Order Tilt Derivative Acceleration with Filter (TLBO-HHOA regulated FOTDAF) controller for enhanced performance and enhanced devaluation of harmonic components ...
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The primary objective of the proposed work is the design of a Hybrid Teaching Learning-based Horse Herd Optimization Algorithm regulated Fractional Order Tilt Derivative Acceleration with Filter (TLBO-HHOA regulated FOTDAF) controller for enhanced performance and enhanced devaluation of harmonic components of the grid-connected photovoltaic system. The solar photovoltaic system incorporates constituents such as a photovoltaic array, interleaved fractional order boost converter (IFOBC), Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverter (RSMI), and TLBO-HHOA regulated FOTDAF controller. IFOBC is preferred over boost converter because of its low ripple voltage, faster transient response, high efficiency, low duty cycle, reduced EMC, and improved reliability and stability. In this control strategy, the control logic is formulated by using a Tilt Integral Derivative Controller (TIDC), whose control parameters are considered as a function of the error to improve the robustness. The validation, better performance, and superiority of TLBO-HHOA regulated FOTDAF are established by comparative result analysis using modern controllers. This study implements TLBO-HHOA-regulated FOTDAF and applies Support Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique. The proposed model managed to achieve improvements in overall system response and reduced harmonic distortions as well as better accuracy, improved stability, improved robustness, and better capabilities to handle system uncertainties.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Soheil Fathi; Abbas Mahravan
Abstract
In many middle- and high-income countries, existing buildings will occupy the majority of building areas by 2050 and measures are needed to upgrade the mentioned buildings for a sustainable transition. This research proposes a method to mitigate the energy consumption of existing educational buildings ...
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In many middle- and high-income countries, existing buildings will occupy the majority of building areas by 2050 and measures are needed to upgrade the mentioned buildings for a sustainable transition. This research proposes a method to mitigate the energy consumption of existing educational buildings using four energy efficiency measures (EEMs). The proposed method divides simulations into two main parts: simulations with and without using heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Four passive EEMs are used, including window replacement, proposed shading devices, new insulations, and installing a new partition wall for the entrance part of the building. This research uses a simulation-based method to examine the effect of each EEM on the energy consumption of the building using DesignBuilder software. The steps of data collection and modeling in this research include collecting raw data related to the physical characteristics of the building experimentally and creating a basic model. Afterwards, simulation scenarios were defined based on the proposed method, and several simulations were carried out to examine the impact of each EEM on the energy performance of the building. Two environmental parameters of the simulation process, including indoor air temperature (IAT) and relative humidity (RH), were used. The measures reduced the heating and cooling demands in the building by 80.14 % and 15.70 %, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that the total energy consumption of the building were reduced by 10.44 % after retrofitting measures.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Mohammed Ali Sami Mahmood; Sergei Kuzmin
Abstract
Solar Organic Rankine Cycle (SORC) is a successful approach to sustainable development and exploiting clean energy sources. The research aims to improve and evaluate the energy efficiency of the SORC for combined heat and power generation for a residential home under the climatic conditions of Baghdad, ...
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Solar Organic Rankine Cycle (SORC) is a successful approach to sustainable development and exploiting clean energy sources. The research aims to improve and evaluate the energy efficiency of the SORC for combined heat and power generation for a residential home under the climatic conditions of Baghdad, Iraq. Thermoeconomic analysis was carried out for the proposed energy supply system. Refrigerant HFC-245fa was used as a working fluid in a solar organic Rankine cycle, and oil poly alkyl benzene (TLV-330) was suggested as a heat transfer fluid in the solar collector field. Parametric studies for some key parameters were conducted to examine the impact of various operating conditions on energy efficiency. The results showed a significant improvement in energy efficiency. The maximum efficiency of SORC CHPG reached 79.14 % when solar heat source temperatures were in the range of 100 to 150 °C and the solar radiation was at a maximum value of 870 W/m2 at noon on the 15th day of July in Baghdad. The maximum energy produced by SORC CHPG was 472.5 kW when the optimal average value of global solar radiation was 7.5 kWh/m2/day in June. The economic investigations revealed that the payback period of the new energy supply system was 10 years with the positive net present cost when the solar power plant was working 18 h/day.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Abir Hmida; Abdelghafour Lamrani; Mamdouh El Haj Assad; Yashar Aryanfar; Jorge Luis Garcia Alcaraz
Abstract
Around the globe, a 60 % increase in energy demand is predicted to occur by the end of the year 2030 due to the ever-increasing population and development. With a registered temperature up to 50 °C in August 2020, which is classified as one of the hottest regions in the world, the demand for cool ...
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Around the globe, a 60 % increase in energy demand is predicted to occur by the end of the year 2030 due to the ever-increasing population and development. With a registered temperature up to 50 °C in August 2020, which is classified as one of the hottest regions in the world, the demand for cool temperatures in Gabes-Tunisia to achieve the thermal comfort of people ensuring the product storage has become more and more intense. Removing heat from buildings represents the most extensive energy consumption process. In this paper, an absorption-refrigeration system driven by solar energy is proposed. A parametric simulation model is developed based on the TRNSYS platform. A comparison between different models for global radiation calculation and experimental meteorological data was carried out. It has been proven that the Brinchambaut model seems to be the most convenient in describing the real global radiation, with an error of up to 3.16 %. An area of 22 m² of evacuated tube solar collector ensures the proper functioning of the generator and achieves a temperature up to 2 °C in the cold room.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Armin Motamed Sadr; Mehran Ameri Mahabadi; ٍٍEbrahim Jahanshahi Javaran
Abstract
In this research, the performance of an asphalt solar air collector was experimentally tested and the daily thermal and exergy efficiencies of the collector were analyzed. The sun's radiant energy is absorbed by asphalt and converted into thermal energy. Then, it is transmitted to aluminum pipes buried ...
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In this research, the performance of an asphalt solar air collector was experimentally tested and the daily thermal and exergy efficiencies of the collector were analyzed. The sun's radiant energy is absorbed by asphalt and converted into thermal energy. Then, it is transmitted to aluminum pipes buried under the asphalt and, finally, to the air passing through the pipes. A suction fan induces the ambient air to the collector. The experimental results show that the daily thermal efficiencies at mass flow rates of 0.007 (kg/s) and 0.014 (kg/s) are 11.98 % and 24.10 % and daily exergy efficiencies are 0.34 % and 0.66 %, respectively, showing the increase in daily energy and exergy efficiencies with increasing the air mass flow rate. In addition, results show that as the flow rate increases, the outlet air temperature decreases. The presence of temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the collector in the last hours of the day, when the sun's radiation islow, indicates that asphalt acts as a thermal energy storage medium.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Mehdi Jahangiri; Farhad Raeiszadeh; Reza Alayi; Atabak Najafi; Ahmad Tahmasebi
Abstract
Rural tourism is an important factor in achieving economic, social, and cultural development. Given that villages in Iran do not have access to permanent electricity or are associated with high power outages, the provision of sustainable electricity through renewable energy can cause more tourists to ...
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Rural tourism is an important factor in achieving economic, social, and cultural development. Given that villages in Iran do not have access to permanent electricity or are associated with high power outages, the provision of sustainable electricity through renewable energy can cause more tourists to choose these villages as their ultimate goal. Therefore, in this paper, for the first time, a hybrid system has been evaluated based on solar energy in 10 tourism target villages in Iran using HOMER software. This study investigated the design of the system with real and up-to-date data on equipment and fossil fuel prices taking into account transportation costs as well as a comprehensive study of energy-economic-environmental with electricity generation approach to the development of rural tourism. The results demonstrated that for the studied stations, the LCOE parameter was in the range of $ 0.615-0.722, the percentage of power supply by solar cells was in the range of 90-99 %, and the prevention of pollutants was 33.9-277 kg/year. According to the results, Meymand village is the most suitable and Mazichal village is the unsuitable station in the field of energy supply required by solar cells. The production pollution in the studied stations is mainly CO2 and results from the operational phase of the project and its amount is 979.5 kg/year. Given that the rural tourism has grown and become a solution for development, the authors hope that the present work results can be used as a perspective to help energy and rural tourism decision-makers.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Iman Ayoobi; Ramin Roshandel
Abstract
Light is a critical parameter for plant growth such that providing enough light for the plant can ensure better quality and higher yield in greenhouses. In many areas, in the cold seasons of the year, not enough natural light reaches the plant. Thus, to compensate for the natural light deficit, artificial ...
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Light is a critical parameter for plant growth such that providing enough light for the plant can ensure better quality and higher yield in greenhouses. In many areas, in the cold seasons of the year, not enough natural light reaches the plant. Thus, to compensate for the natural light deficit, artificial light is used. Since the use of artificial light leads to energy consumption, effective parameters in the energy consumption of the lighting system such as available natural light, greenhouse shape, and the on-off plan of the lighting system should be considered. In this paper, available natural light is estimated based on greenhouse structure in five cities of Iran. Then, the natural light deficit was investigated. Finally, to achieve clean cultivation, the utilization of photovoltaic panels is investigated to compensate for the electrical energy needed for supplementary lighting. The results show that although Iran is recognized as a region with high solar energy potential, natural light is not enough for optimum tomato lighting demand. Using supplementary lighting in greenhouses could compensate for the lack of natural light in proportion to the capacity of the lighting system. In 73.22 % to 91.32 % of days in the period of September to April, the natural light is not sufficient for optimum lighting. Therefore, 98 to 377 electricity is needed to supply power for supplementary lighting system. Accordingly, the photovoltaic area and its associated with costs to compensate electrical energy consumption for the supplementary lighting is estimated to be 0.47 to 2.58 per m2 of greenhouse area, which is equal to $ 171.08 to $ 939.12 per m2 of greenhouse area, respectively.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Anupama Subhadarsini; Babita Panda; Byamakesh Nayak
Abstract
The solar photovoltaic system is modeled in Simulink using Matlab. Boost converter, FOTIDC controller, and Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverter are all included in this PV system (RSMLI). With regard to solar photovoltaic systems, the focus of this study is on the Fractional Order Tilt Integral Derivative ...
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The solar photovoltaic system is modeled in Simulink using Matlab. Boost converter, FOTIDC controller, and Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverter are all included in this PV system (RSMLI). With regard to solar photovoltaic systems, the focus of this study is on the Fractional Order Tilt Integral Derivative Controller (FOTIDC). In the suggested control technique, Hybrid Genetic Particle Swarm Jaya Optimization is used to optimize the control parameters (HGPSJO). Jaya Optimization (JO) is a hybrid of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and GA/PSO algorithm optimization techniques, combining the best of each for improved control executions. Control performance is enhanced using a fractional calculus-based technique to redesign the Tilt Integral Derivative Controller (TIDC) in order to reduce noise and harmonic distortions. Harmonic distortion and voltage magnitude are reduced by applying the proposed control method to the PV system. Simulated Matlab environments are used to test the stability, robustness, and stability of the proposed system as well as its capacity to reduce harmonic distortions. It is also compared to other well-known control techniques in order to ensure that the real-time implementation is properly validated.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Rahul Dogra; Sanjay Kumar; Nikita Gupta
Abstract
The use of these conventional resources causes continuous depletion of fossil fuels and increased greenhouse effect. Solar power is the major renewable resource used for power generation across the globe. Solar energy activities depend on the available potential of any geographical location. Therefore, ...
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The use of these conventional resources causes continuous depletion of fossil fuels and increased greenhouse effect. Solar power is the major renewable resource used for power generation across the globe. Solar energy activities depend on the available potential of any geographical location. Therefore, prior to the installation of solar technologies for these activities, estimation of solar potential is very important due to costly technologies. Data of solar potential is not present at every location in Himachal Pradesh (H. P.) due to the high cost of measurement instruments. The objective of this study includes the solar potential estimation for 12 cities of the H. P. The present study could be divided into two parts. Initially, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are utilized to estimate global sun radiation utilizing meteorological and geographical data from 23 places. The ANN model with seven input parameters including latitude, longitude, altitude, air temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind speed were used to estimate the solar irradiation. Statistical indicators including Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) were used for the performance evaluation of these ANNs. The minimum MAPE value was obtained to be 2.39 % with Multi-Layer Perception (MLP) architecture 7-11-1. For the 12 districts of the H. P., the acquired network 7-11-1 was utilized to estimate Global Solar Radiation (GSR). The output of ANN model was implemented in Geographic Information System (GIS) environment to obtain the solar potential map for each month. The available map of the present study may be helpful for solar application in each district.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Mehran Gheyrati; Asadollah Akram; Hassan Ghasemi-Mobtaker
Abstract
The orientation of greenhouses is one of the effective factors in terms of radiation they receive. In the present study, a multi-span greenhouse (40 m × 93.5 m with a coverage area of 5457.44 m2) located in the central region of Iran was investigated in three orientations including: North-South ...
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The orientation of greenhouses is one of the effective factors in terms of radiation they receive. In the present study, a multi-span greenhouse (40 m × 93.5 m with a coverage area of 5457.44 m2) located in the central region of Iran was investigated in three orientations including: North-South (N-S), East-West (E-W), and Northeast-Southwest (NE-SW: the most frequent orientation of the existing greenhouses in the study area). The solar irradiation received on the outside surface of the greenhouse cover and the amount of irradiation captured inside the greenhouse for each orientation during the cold season were calculated using mathematical modeling and the results were compared. According to the results, in the E-W orientation, the main sections of receiving solar irradiation, such as the south and north roofs, have a better angle toward the sun; therefore, the quantity of solar irradiation captured inside the greenhouse with the E-W orientation was on average 361.48 MJ day-1 more than that with the N-S orientation. The north wall of the greenhouse could not receive the beam radiation for all the orientations investigated, and the total irradiation captured by this section was composed of the diffused radiation and the ground-reflected radiation, which is an important result for insulation of some surfaces of greenhouses.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Hadi Farzan
Abstract
Recently, novel techniques have been developed in building industries to use solar heating and cooling systems. The current study develops a Solar-powered Heating and Cooling (SHC) system for an office building in Kerman and assesses the transient dynamics of this system and office indoor temperature. ...
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Recently, novel techniques have been developed in building industries to use solar heating and cooling systems. The current study develops a Solar-powered Heating and Cooling (SHC) system for an office building in Kerman and assesses the transient dynamics of this system and office indoor temperature. To this end, TRNSYS simulation software is utilized to simulate system dynamics. The developed system comprises Evacuated-Tube solar Collectors (ETCs), heat storage tank, heat exchanger, circulating pumps, axillary furnace, cooling tower, single-effect absorption chiller, and air handling unit. The office indoor temperature is assessed in two scenarios, including commonly-insulated and well-insulated envelopes, while window awnings are used to prevent the sun from shining directly through the windows. The results illustrate that the SHC system can meet the thermal loads and provide thermal comfort in line with ASHRAE standards. The indoor temperature reaches 21 °C and 24 °C on cold winter and hot summer days by using the SHC system; however, without the SHC system, the indoor temperature experiences 15 °C and 34 °C on cold and hot days, respectively. The SHC system provides 45 °C and 15 °C supply air on cold and hot days to keep the indoor temperature in the desired range. A thermostat monitors the indoor temperature and saves energy by turning off the system when no heating or cooling is required. Furthermore, the ETCs can run the SHC system for a long time during daytime hours, but the axillary heater is still essential to work at the beginning of the morning.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Sepideh Rahmati Dehkordi; Mehdi Jahangiri
Abstract
In Iran, due to the problems and constraints of fossil fuels and the need to maximize the use of solar potential, one of the best ways is the application of photovoltaic systems integrated with buildings. Due to the significant dependence of solar cell performance on the availability of radiation, it ...
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In Iran, due to the problems and constraints of fossil fuels and the need to maximize the use of solar potential, one of the best ways is the application of photovoltaic systems integrated with buildings. Due to the significant dependence of solar cell performance on the availability of radiation, it is necessary for architects to have an accurate assessment of the amount of electricity produced in different conditions. Therefore, in the present work, using HOMER software, the energy-econo-Enviro (3E) potential of a Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Abadan was studied. The effect of slope and azimuth of solar cells as well as cloudiness and system losses were investigated using sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the PV-grid system was the most economical option and after the azimuth angle of zero degree, the positive azimuth angle was the most economical. The results also showed that the slope of 30 degree and the angle of azimuth equal to zero was appropriate, for which the price per kWh of generated electricity was calculated to be $0.09. For the use of solar cells in the vertical wall of the building, the southwest direction was the most suitable and based on the results, it was suggested that the western wall of the building should be in the form of “inclined PVs with windows”. The authors of this paper hope that the results of the present work can be used by architects and energy decision-makers as a guide in developing the BIPV use in Iran.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Sina Eterafi; Shiva Gorjian; Majid Amidpour
Abstract
In this study, the effect of covering the aperture area of a conical cavity receiver with an ultra-white glass on operational parameters of a Parabolic Dish Collector (PDC) was numerically and experimentally investigated under climate conditions of Tehran (35.44° N latitude and 51.10° longitude). ...
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In this study, the effect of covering the aperture area of a conical cavity receiver with an ultra-white glass on operational parameters of a Parabolic Dish Collector (PDC) was numerically and experimentally investigated under climate conditions of Tehran (35.44° N latitude and 51.10° longitude). The main components of the experimental setup include a dish reflector, a conical cavity receiver, Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF), hydraulic and cooling cycle, and a sun tracker. For this purpose, a conical cavity receiver with an ultra-white glass cover on its aperture was numerically modeled in Fortran software. During the evaluation, environmental parameters including ambient temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed were considered as inputs of the model. The results revealed fair agreement between the numerical and experimental data with the maximum error of approximately 4.63 % and 7.89 % for receivers with and without the glass cover on the aperture, respectively. For a steady-state analysis, the mean values of useful energy ( ) absorbed by the receiver were calculated as 1,253.25 W and 987.68 W, while thermal efficiency ( ) of the receiver was calculated as 52.61 % and 40.69 % for receivers with and without glass cover, respectively. The results revealed that both and followed a similar trend of the variations in the HTF’s temperature between the inlet and outlet of the receiver. Also, the overall heat loss coefficient ( ) and the collector heat removal factor ( ) were calculated as 420.76 W/m2°C and 0.62 for the conical cavity receiver with the glass cover.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Najmeh Salehi; Arash Mirabdolah Lavasani; Ramin Mehdipour; Mohammad Eftekhari Yazdi
Abstract
One of the best and most important types of concentrating solar power plants is the linear Fresnel collector. The thermal performance and application of absorber in a solar power plant can be enhanced using direct steam generation technology. A particular discrepancy between the present study and others ...
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One of the best and most important types of concentrating solar power plants is the linear Fresnel collector. The thermal performance and application of absorber in a solar power plant can be enhanced using direct steam generation technology. A particular discrepancy between the present study and others lies in our attempt at applying a new method for calculating critical heat flux based on Look-up Table. In the current study, effects of nanofluid on the length of the critical heat flux and convection heat transfer coefficient were investigated. The nanoparticles considered in this study were aluminum, silver, nickel, and titanium dioxide at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1 and 2 %. Modeling results revealed that the heat transfer coefficient increased upon enhancing the volumetric concentration of nanoparticles, thereby improving this coefficient at 2 vol. % nickel nanoparticles, which was 10.6 % above the value of pure water. On the other hand, thermal efficiency was enhanced when nickel nanoparticles were dispersed in pure water such that increase rates of thermal efficiency equaled 11.2, 10.8 and 11.3 % in the months of June, July, and August, respectively, when the volume concentration of nanoparticles was 0.5 %.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Daryoosh Borzuei; Seyed Farhan Moosavian; Abolfazl Ahmadi; Rouhollah Ahmadi; Kourosh Bagherzadeh
Abstract
Energy plays a vital role in all human life activities. Due to the problems caused by fossil fuels in recent decades such as global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, ozone depletion, etc., the use of renewable and clean energy has been considered. An experimental facility for the acquisition of reliable ...
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Energy plays a vital role in all human life activities. Due to the problems caused by fossil fuels in recent decades such as global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, ozone depletion, etc., the use of renewable and clean energy has been considered. An experimental facility for the acquisition of reliable data from Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors (PTCs) was established to develop a robust analytical model. A wide range of Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) flow rates (0.0372-0.1072 kg/s) and solar radiation (400-900 W/m2) were used to determine PTC parameters such as the outlet temperature of HTF loss and temperature distribution. Vacuum conditions in the receiver were considered effective in terms of thermal efficiency. Also, three types of HTF including two oil fluids (Syltherm 800 and S2) and water were examined. The temperature distribution showed that when Syltherm 800 or S2 passed through the absorber tube, the outlet temperature was higher than water: 2.84 % for Syltherm 800 and 3.72 % for S2. Since the absorber tube temperature was much higher than water, the heat loss in this condition was considered for oil HTF. Of note, the results demonstrated that use of the vacuum tube could diminish heat loss for the oil HTF. The effect of solar intensity increases from 600 W/m2 to 900 W/m2 on the maximum temperature of the receiver tube indicated that when Syltherm 800 was used as an HTF, this temperature increased by 35.1 % (from 167 °C to 219 °C), while this percentage was 32.7 % and 6.8 % for S2 and water, respectively.
