Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, P. O. Box: 8731753153, Kashan, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract

Energy crisis in the world motivates countries to hire new and renewable energies. One of the main and valuable renewable sources of energy is agricultural waste. This is widely disposed of through the world during the harvest, packing, and transportation. In many countries, agricultural waste is considerably weighty. Nonetheless, most of that is used for animal feed or herbal fertilizer and no useful value is added. Despite its location in an arid region, Iran produces various citrus, cereals, and vegetables in high tonnage. The waste of the agricultural product, especially those disposed of by the food processing industries, such as fruit juice factories, remains also useless. The potential of the residues to extract biofuel is investigated in the current experimental study. Six samples of abundant agricultural products in Iran are chosen: sugarcane, grape, potato, orange peel, date, and mulberry. The processes of pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation are performed and the extracted juice is directed to the distiller to gather bioethanol. To evaluate the distilled juice purity, a gas chromatography test is carried out. It is shown that date and mulberry can produce a maximum of 29.5 and 23 ml (ethanol)/100 g (dry waste) as the most efficient agricultural products.

Keywords

Main Subjects

1.     Saravanan, A.P., Pugazhendhi, A. and Mathimani, T., "A comprehensive assessment of biofuel policies in the BRICS nations: Implementation, blending target and gaps", Fuel, Vol. 272, (2020), 117635. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117635).
2.     Fedacko, J., Singh, R.B., Mojto, V., Elkilany, G., Hristova, K., Pella, D. and Chaves, H., "Air pollution and the global heart health: A view point of the International College of Cardiology", World Heart Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4, (2017), 269-272. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330161859_Air_pollution_and_the_global_heart_health_A_view_point_of_the_international_college_of_cardiology)
3.     Muradov, N., "Low to near-zero CO2 production of hydrogen from fossil fuels: Status and perspectives", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, No. 20, (2017), 14058-14088. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.101).
4.     Shuba, E.S. and Kifle, D., "Microalgae to biofuels:‘Promising’ alternative and renewable energy, review", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 81, No. 1, (2018), 743-755. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.042).
5.     Saravanan, P., Kumar, N.M., Ettappan, M., Dhanagopal, R. and Vishnupriyan, J., "Effect of exhaust gas re-circulation on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of ethanol-fueled diesel engine", Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, Vol. 20, (2020), 100643. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100643).
6.     Panahi, H.K.S., Dehhaghi, M., Aghbashlo, M., Karimi, K. and Tabatabaei, M., "Shifting fuel feedstock from oil wells to sea: Iran outlook and potential for biofuel production from brown macroalgae (ochrophyta; phaeophyceae)", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 112, (2019), 626-642. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.023).
7.     Panahi, H.K.S., Dehhaghi, M., Aghbashlo, M., Karimi, K. and Tabatabaei, M., "Conversion of residues from agro-food industry into bioethanol in Iran: An under-valued biofuel additive to phase out MTBE in gasoline", Renewable Energy, Vol. 145, (2020), 699-710. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.081).
8.     Balat, M., Balat, H. and Öz, C., "Progress in bioethanol processing", Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 34, No. 5, (2008), 551-573. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2007.11.001).
9.     Sritrakul, N., Nitisinprasert, S. and Keawsompong, S., "Evaluation of dilute acid pretreatment for bioethanol fermentation from sugarcane bagasse pith", Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vol. 51, No. 6, (2017), 512-519. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2017.12.006).
10.   Zakir, H.M., Hasan, M., Shahriar, S.M.S., Ara, T. and Hossain, M., "Production of biofuel from agricultural plant wastes: Corn stover and sugarcane bagasse", Chemical Engineering and Science, Vol. 4, No. 1, (2016), 5-11. (https://doi.org/10.12691/ces-5-1-1).
11.   Moodley, P. and Kana, E.G., "Bioethanol production from sugarcane leaf waste: Effect of various optimized pretreatments and fermentation conditions on process kinetics" Biotechnology Reports, Vol. 22, (2019), e00329. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00329).
12.   Memon, A.A., Shah, F.A. and Kumar, N., "Bioethanol Production from waste potatoes as a sustainable waste-to-energy resource via enzymatic hydrolysis", Proceedings of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science: International Conference on Sustainable Energy Engineering, Perth (Australia), (2017), 012003. (https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/73/1/012003).
13.   Hisham, M. and Darwish, S.M., "Production of bio-ethanol and associated by-products from potato starch residue stream by Saccharomyces cerevisiae", Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 8, (2009), 8835-8848. (https://doi.org/10.21608/jfds.2009.115800).
14.   Yamada, S., Shinomiya, N., Ohba, K., Sekikawa, M. and Oda, Y., "Enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation of by-products from potato processing plants", Food Science and Technology Research, Vol. 15, No. 6, (2009), 653-658. (https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.15.653).
15.   Swaraz, A.M., Satter, M.A., Rahman, M.M., Asad, M.A., Khan, I. and Amin, M.Z., "Bioethanol production potential in Bangladesh from wild date palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.): An experimental proof", Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 139, (2019), 111507. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111507).
16.   Ben Atitallah, I., Ntaikou, I., Antonopoulou, G., Alexandropoulou, M., Brysch-Herzberg, M., Nasri, M., Lyberatos, G. and Mechichi, T., "Evaluation of the non-conventional yeast strain Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Pichia anomala) X19 for enhanced bioethanol production using date palm sap as renewable feedstock", Renewable Energy, Vol. 154, (2020), 71-81. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.010).
17.   Corbin, K.R., Hsieh, Y.S., Betts, N.S., Byrt, C.S., Henderson, M., Stork, J., DeBolt, S., Fincher, G.B. and Burton, R.A., "Grape marc as a source of carbohydrates for bioethanol: Chemical composition, pre-treatment and saccharification", Bioresource Technology, Vol. 193, (2015), 76-83. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.030).
18.   Rodríguez, L.A., Toro, M.E., Vazquez, F., Correa-Daneri, M.L., Gouiric, S.C. and Vallejo, M.D., "Bioethanol production from grape and sugar beet pomaces by solid-state fermentation", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, No. 11, (2010), 5914-5917. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.12.112).
19.   Oberoi, H.S., Vadlani, P.V., Madl, R.L., Saida, L. and Abeykoon, J.P., "Ethanol production from orange peels: Two-stage hydrolysis and fermentation studies using optimized parameters through experimental design", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 58, No. 6, (2010), 3422-3429. (https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903163t).
20.   Joshi, S.M., Waghmare, J.S., Sonawane, K.D. and Waghmare, S.R., "Bio-ethanol and bio-butanol production from orange peel waste", Biofuels, Vol. 6, No. 1-2, (2015), 55-61. (https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2015.1045276).
21.   Wang, Z., Ning, P., Hu, L., Nie, Q., Liu, Y., Zhou, Y. and Yang, J., "Efficient ethanol production from paper mulberry pretreated at high solid loading in Fed-nonisothermal-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation", Renewable Energy, Vol. 160, (2020), 211-219. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.128).
22.   Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Statistics Division (ESS), (2021). (Available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize), (Accessed: 6 July 2021).
23.   Mosier, N., Hendrickson, R., Ho, N., Sedlak, M. and Ladisch, M.R., "Optimization of pH controlled liquid hot water pretreatment of corn stover", Bioresource Technology, Vol. 96, No. 18, (2005), 1986-1993. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.013).
24.   Iran Mellas Company, (2021). (Available at: http://fariman.com/products/instant-yeast-breads-and-pastries/), (Accessed: 6 July 2021).
25.   He, Q., Hemme, C.L., Jiang, H., He, Z. and Zhou, J., "Mechanisms of enhanced cellulosic bioethanol fermentation by co-cultivation of Clostridium and Thermoanaerobacter spp", Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102. No. 20, (2011), 9586-9592. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.098).
26.   Cerveró, J.M., Skovgaard, P.A., Felby, C., Sørensen, H.R. and Jørgensen, H., "Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of palm kernel press cake for production of bioethanol", Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 46, No. 3-4, (2010), 177-184. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.10.012).
27.   Raina, N., Slathia, P.S. and Sharma, P., "Experimental optimization of thermochemical pretreatment of sal (Shorea robusta) sawdust by Central Composite Design study for bioethanol production by co-fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MTCC-36) and Pichia stipitis (NCIM-3498)", Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 143, (2020), 105819. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105819).
28.   Figliola, R.S. and Beasley, D.E., Theory and design for mechanical measurements, John Wiley & Sons, (1995), 386-387. (https://doi.org/10.1080/03043799508928292).
29.   Manmai, N., Unpaprom, Y., Ponnusamy, V.K. and Ramaraj, R., "Bioethanol production from the comparison between optimization of sorghum stalk and sugarcane leaf for sugar production by chemical pretreatment and enzymatic degradation", Fuel, Vol. 278, (2020), 118262. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118262).
30.   Nouri, H., Ahi, M., Azin, M. and Gargari, S.L.M., "Detoxification vs. adaptation to inhibitory substances in the production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate: A case study", Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 139, (2020), 105629. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105629).
31.   Guo, Y., Zhao, H., Zhang, S., Wang, Y. and Chow, D., "Modeling and optimization of environment in agricultural greenhouses for improving cleaner and sustainable crop production", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 285, (2021), 124843. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124843).
32.   Wowra, K., Zeller, V. and Schebek, L., "Nitrogen in life cycle assessment (LCA) of agricultural crop production systems: Comparative analysis of regionalization approaches", Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 763, (2021), 143009. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143009).