Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment

Quarterly Publication

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Editorial Board

Journal Staff

Related Links

FAQ

Self-Archiving Policy

Paper Preparation Guide

Paper Template

Journal Forms

Reviewer

Peer Review Process

Production of Hydrogen Via Renewable Energy and Investigation of Water Molecular Changes During Electrolysis Process

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Research Cooperator with Public Authority for Water, Al-Buraimi Province, P. C.: 512, Oman.

2 Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, P. C.: 311, Oman.

3 Public Authority for Water, Al-Buraimi Province, P. C.: 512, Oman.

Abstract

Studies on renewable energy are essential topics that help find new energy sources to replace fossil sources and promote environment friendliness. Hydrogen is the most practical alternative energy carrier source that meets the mentioned purposes. The mass of hydrogen element in the Earth's water was calculated and found to be about 2.1×1020 kg, which is greater than the mass of the world oil reserves by about 9×105 times. In addition, essential details of water molecular arrangement were investigated in order to better understand the electrolysis of water. Also, the energy of covalent and hydrogen bonds per molecule of water was theoretically calculated and found to be about 8.17×10-19 J/molecule and 3.87×10-20 J/molecule, respectively. In the electrolysis process, two stages should be undertaken: the first stage was to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules, in which all water eclectic dipoles would align in the direction of the Applied Electric Field across the electrolysis unit. The second stage was to break water covalent bonds to generate H2 and O2 gases. Moreover, the lowest cost to generate one kg of hydrogen (0.4 $/kg) by electrolysis method using solar energy was about 0.4 $, which has already been proven, while this value was about 2.8 $/kg upon considering the average price of electricity of Oman in comparison.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
  1. van de Karol, R. and Grätzel, M., Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production, Electronic Materials: Science & Technology, Springer, Boston, (2012). (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1380-6).
  2. Horton, S., "The 1973 oil crisis". (http://www.docdatabase.net/more-the-1973-oil-crisis-by-sarah-horton-473476.html).
  3. Rüdiger, M., "The 1973 oil crisis and the designing of a Danish energy policy", Historical Social Research, Vol. 39, No. 4, (2014), 94-112. (https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.39.2014.4.94-112).
  4. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), "Global energy, transformation, A roadmap to 2025", Report, (2018). (https://www.irena.org//media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Apr/IRENA_Report_GET_2018.pdf).
  5. Zhai, Y., "It’s clean, powerful and available: Are you ready for hydrogen energy?", Renewable Energy World, (2019). (https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2019/06/06/its-clean-powerful-and-available-are-you-ready-for-hydrogen-energy/#gref).
  6. Moosa, I.S. and Kazem, H.A., "Review of basic renewable energy in GCC countries: Current status and future vision", International Journal of Computation and Applies Science, Vol. 6, No. 1, (2019), 397-406. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331175791_Review_of_Basic_Renewable_Energy_in_GCC_Countries_Current_Status_and_Future_Vision).
  7. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), "Hydrogen from renewable power technology outlook for the energy transition", Report, (2018). (https://www.irena.org//media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Sep/IRENA_Hydrogen_from_renewable_power_2018.pdf).
  8. Martens, J., "KU Leuven scientists crack the code for affordable, eco-friendly hydrogen gas", (2019). (Available at: https://nieuws.kuleuven.be/en/content/2019/belgian-scientists-crack-the-code-for-affordable-eco-friendly-hydrogen-gas). (Accessed October 2020).
  9. Holladay, J.D., Hu, J., King, D.L. and Wang, Y., "An overview of hydrogen production technologies", Catalysis Today, Vol. 139, No. 4, (2009), 244-260. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.08.039).
  10. Bičáková, O. and Straka, P., "The resources and methods of hydrogen production", Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia, Vol. 7, No. 2, (158) (2010), 175-188. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269705182_The_resources_and_methods_of_hydrogen_production).
  11. Abdol Rahim, A.H., Tijani, A., Wan Mohamed, W.A.N., Hanapi, S. and Sainan, I., "An overview of hydrogen production from renewable energy source for remote area application", Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 699, (2015), 474-479. (https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.699.474).
  12. Li, Z., Guo, P. and Sun, H., "Current status and development trend of wind power generation based on hydrogen production technology", Energy Exploration & Exploitation, Vol. 35, No. 1, (2019), 5-25. (https://doi.org/10.1177/0144598718787294).
  13. Kumar, S.S. and Himabindu, V., "Hydrogen production by REM water electrolysis–A review", Materials Science for Energy Technologies, Vol. 2, No. 3, (2019), 442-454. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.03.002).
  14. El-Shafie, M., Kambara, S. and Hayakawa, Y., "Hydrogen production technologies overview", Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, Vol. 7, (2019), 107-154. (https://doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2019.71007).
  15. Saravanan, A., Karishma, S., Senthil Kumar, P., Yaashikaa, P.R., Jeevanantham, S. and Gayathri, B., "Microbial electrolysis cells and microbial fuel cells for biohydrogen production: Current advances and emerging challenges", Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, (2020), 1-21. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00973-x).
  16. Samsudeen, N., Spurgeon, J., Matheswaran, M. and Satyavolu, J., "Simultaneous biohydrogen production with distillery wastewater treatment using modified microbial electrolysis cell", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 45, No. 36, (2020), 18266-18274. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.06.134).
  17. Genda, H., "Origin of Earth's oceans: An assessment of the total amount, history and supply of water", Geochemical Journal, Vol. 50, (2016), 27-42. (http://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.2.0398).
  18. Descalzi, C., "World oil review", O & GR, Vol. 1, (2019). (Available at: https://www.eni.com/assets/documents/documents-en/WORLD-OIL-REVIEW-2019-Volume-1.pdf). (Accessed Novmber 2020).
  19. Alomair, O., Jumaa, M., Alkoriem, A. and Hamed, M., "Heavy oil viscosity and density prediction at normal and elevated temperatures", Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, Vol. 6, (2016), 253-263. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8).
  20. Wu, J., Desch, S.J., Schaefer L., Elkins-Tanton, L.T., Pahlevan, K. and Buseck, P.R., "Origin of Earth’s water: Chondritic inheritance plus nebular in gassing and storage of hydrogen in the core", American Geophysical Research: Plants, (2018), 1-22, (https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005698).
  21. Moosa, I.S., "Hydrogen Decrepitation (HD), history and application in the production of permanent magnets", International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), Vol. 7, No. 5, (2016), 37-44. (https://iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJARET/VOLUME_7_ISSUE_5/IJARET_07_05_005.pdf).
  22. Eslami, M., Tajeddini, F. and Etaati, N., "Thermal analysis and optimization of a system for water harvesting from humid air using thermoelectric coolers", Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 174, (2018), 417-429. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.045).
  23. Moosa I.S., Maqableh, B.B. and Alattar, N., "Production of fresh water from drain-water released from cooling air-conditioning systems: Experimental and analysis studies", International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences (IJOCAAS), Vol. 5, No. 1, (2018), 350-355. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327845946_Production_of_fresh_water_from_drainwater_released_from_cooling_airconditioning_systems_experimental_and_analysis_studies).
  24. Moosa I.S., Al-Iessi, L.M.R. and Kazem, H.A., "Freshwater production and solar disinfection of water released from the air-conditioning cooling system: an experimental investigation", Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Vol. 5, No. 9, (2020), 1-10. (https://doi.org/10.1051/rees/2020004).
  25. Ekad, A., Pawar, T., Yeole, N., Taksale, A. and Gajjar, A., "Solar powered atmospheric water generator and overview on AWG technologies", International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, (2018), 71-79. (https://doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2018.0701006).
  26. Mahal, S.K. and Alimin, A.J., "Experimental investigation on a novel integrated solar chimney and liquid desiccant system for simultaneous power and fresh water generation", International Energy Journal , Vol. 20, (2020), 67-86. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340525947).
  27. Levene, J.I., Mann, M.K., Margolis, R. and Milbrandt, A., "An analysis of hydrogen production from renewable electricity sources", National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Proceedings of ISES 2005 Solar World Congress, Orlando, Florida, NREL/CP-560-37612, (2005), 1-7. (https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37612.pdf).
  28. Badea, G., Naghiu, G.S, Giurca, I., Aşchilean, I. and Megyesi, E., "Hydrogen production using solar energy-technical analysis", Energy Procedia, Vol. 112, (2017), 418-425. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1097).
  29. Bičáková, O. and Straka, P., "Production of hydrogen from renewable resources and its Effectiveness", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, (2012), 11563-11578. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.05.047).
  30. de Levie, R., "The electrolysis of water", Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry ,Vol. 476, (1999), 92-93. (https://hofstedesterreschans.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/The-electrolysis-of-water.pdf).
  31. Edwards, P.P., Kuznetsov, V.L. and David, W.I.F., "Hydrogen energy", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, Vol. 365, (2007), 1043-1056. (https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1965).
  32. Bartels, J.R., Pate, M.B. and Olson, N.K., "An economic survey of hydrogen production from conventional and alternative energy sources", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, (2010), 8371-8384. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.04.035).
  33. Birol, F., "Germany 2020, Energy policy review", International Energy Agency, Report, (2020). (https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/G/germany-2020-energy-policy-review.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4).
  34. Chaplin, M., "Water’s hydrogen bond strength", Cornell University, (2007), 1-20. (https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0706/0706.1355.pdf).
  35. Bauer, W. and Westfall, G.D., University physics with modern physics, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, (2011), 789.
  36. Al-Ismaily, H.A. and Douglas P., "Photovoltaic electricity prospects in Oman", .Applied. Energy, Vol. 59, No. 2-3, (1998), 97-124. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-2619(98)00007-5).
  37. Al-Badi, A.H., Albadi, M.H., Al-Lawati, A.M. and Malik, A.S., "Economic perspective of PV electricity in Oman", Energy, Vol. 36, No. 1, (2011), 226-232. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.10.047).
  38. Al-Badi, A.H., AL-Toobi, M., AL-Harthy, S., Al-Hosni, Z. and AL-Harthy, A., "Hybrid systems for decentralized power generation in Oman", International Journal of Sustainable Energy, Vol. 31, No. 6, (2012), 411-421. (https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2011.590898).
  39. Humada, A.M., Aaref, A.M., Hamada H.M., Sulaiman, M.H., Amin, N. and Mekhilef, S., "Modeling and characterization of a grid-connected photovoltaic system under tropical climate conditions", Renewable Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 82, Part 3, (2018), 2094-2105. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.053).
  40. Kazem, H.A., Yousif, J., Chaichan, M.T. and Al-Waeli, A.H.A., "Experimental and deep learning artificial neural network approach for evaluating grid-connected photovoltaic systems", International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 43, No. 14, (2019), 8572-8591. (https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4855).
  41. "The future of hydrogen seizing today’s opportunities", Report prepared by the IEA for the G20, Japan, (2019), 1-199. (http://ir.qibebt.ac.cn/bitstream/337004/10838/120/IEA%EF%BC%9AThe%20Future%20of%20Hydrogen%20Seizing%20Today%E2%80%99s%20Opportunities.pdf).
  42. Ireland, B., "Green hydrogen: The clean fuel of our dreams?", Renewable Energy World, (2020). (Available at: https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/hydrogen/green-hydrogen-the-clean-fuel-of-our-dreams/#gref). (Accessed September 2020).
  43. Gielen, D., Taibi, E. and Miranda R., "Hydrogen: A renewable energy prospective", The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Report prepared for the 2nd Hydrogen Energy Ministerial Meeting in Tokyo, Japan, (2019), 1-51. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339788120).
  44. Pareek, A., Dom, R., Gupta, J., Chandran, J., Adepu, V. and Borse, P.H., "Insights into renewable hydrogen energy: Recent advances and prospects", Materials Science for Energy Technologies, Vol. 3, (2020), 319-327. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.12.002).

 

 

 

Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment
Volume 8, Issue 4
October 2021
Pages 19-28
Files
Cited by
History
  • Receive Date: 01 December 2020
  • Revise Date: 02 June 2021
  • Accept Date: 03 August 2021
Share
How to cite
Statistics