Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment

Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment

Investigation of the Impact of Window Parameters on Daylight Metrics in Schools in Tehran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
Ronak Nejadeabdolhoseiny
Haniyeh Sanaieian
Mohsen Faizi
Department of Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology(IUST), Tehran, P. O. Box: 1684613114, Iran.
10.30501/jree.2025.495523.2206
Abstract
The physical characteristics of a school building have a significant impact on student learning. Daylight is one of the most important elements in architecture. Adequate lighting has a significant effect on the physical and physiological health, comfort, and performance of students. Therefore, a considerable proportion of the visual quality of educational environments depends on the quality of lighting within their spaces. Nowadays, due to population growth and the extensive demand for schools, the construction of school buildings often proceeds with minimal standards, frequently without adequate consideration of daylighting. Therefore, it is crucial to design schools with sufficient and high-quality lighting. The quality of daylight within a building is directly related to windows, which serve as the primary gateways for daylight entry. Consequently, it is essential for designers to recognize the various window parameters and the impact of each on daylight metrics, and to optimize window configurations during the early design stages. The aim of this research is to identify the physical parameters of windows and the metrics used for daylight calculation, to evaluate the interaction between these components, and ultimately to present a general template for the design of windows without shading control strategies in schools in Tehran, considering the LEED v4.1 standard. In this study, the Rhinoceros-Grasshopper software was used to simulate a total of 132 classroom models located in Tehran city (BSk Köppen climate). Subsequently, the Ladybug and Honeybee plugins were employed to investigate static and dynamic daylight metrics (DF, DA, SDA, CDA, UDI, and ASE) by modifying five main physical properties of windows (orientation, position, window-to-wall ratio, shape, and number) and analyzing their mutual impacts. In general, when the use of shading control elements is not feasible, placing windows on the north facade is more advantageous due to very low annual sunlight exposure (ASE). For both north- and south-facing windows, window position has the greatest influence on daylight performance, improving UDI by up to 62.9%. After window position, the number and shape of windows have a significant impact on the ASE and SDA metrics, which are among the most commonly evaluated daylight metrics in standards. The required window size to achieve the minimum daylight level on the south facade is nearly 50% smaller than that on the north facade. Ultimately, this paper presents 18 optimal window types for schools based on the LEED v4.1 rating system.

Graphical Abstract

Investigation of the Impact of Window Parameters on Daylight Metrics in Schools in Tehran
Keywords
Daylight
The Physical Characteristics Of The Window
Static And Dynamic Daylight Metrics
Daylighting In Schools

Subjects

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2.      Abderraouf, S., Mustapha, A., Abdelhamid, I., & Haithem, M. (2023, March). Vision-based indoor lighting assessment approach for daylight harvesting. In 2023 International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Control and Communication Systems (ICAECCS) (pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAECCS56710.2023.10104917
 
3.      Acosta García, I. J., Molina Rozalem, J. F., & Campano Laborda, M. Á. (2017). Analysis of circadian stimulus and visual comfort provided by window design in architecture. Lighting Research & Technology, 49(2), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153515592948
 
4.      Acosta, I., Campano, M. Á., & Molina, J. F. (2016). Window design in architecture: Analysis of energy savings for lighting and visual comfort in residential spaces. Applied Energy, 168, 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.005
 
5.      Acosta, I., Campano, M. A., Molina, J. F., & Fernández-Agüera, J. (2019). Analysis of visual comfort and circadian stimulus provided by window design in educational spaces. Int. J. Eng. Technol, 11(2), 105-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/IJET.2019.V11.1131
 
6.      Acosta, I., Munoz, C., Campano, M. A., & Navarro, J. (2015). Analysis of daylight factors and energy saving allowed by windows under overcast sky conditions. Renewable Energy, 77, 194-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.017
 
7.      Acosta, I., Navarro, J., Sendra, J. J., & Esquivias, P. (2012). Daylighting design with lightscoop skylights: Towards an optimization of proportion and spacing under overcast sky conditions. Energy and Buildings, 49, 394-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.02.038
 
8.      Alhagla, K., Mansour, A., & Elbassuoni, R. (2019). Optimizing windows for enhancing daylighting performance and energy saving. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(1), 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.01.004
 
9.      AL-Mowallad, E. A. M. S., & Li, X. (2023, April). The Influence of Glazing types on improving daylight factor and reducing glare in classrooms based on numerical simulations. In 2023 8th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing (ICSP) (pp. 575-579). IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSP58490.2023.10248889
 
10.    Alrubaih, M. S., Zain, M. F. M., Alghoul, M. A., Ibrahim, N. L. N., Shameri, M. A., & Elayeb, O. (2013). Research and development on aspects of daylighting fundamentals. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 494-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.057
 
11.    Angelaki, S., Besenecker, U., & Danielsson, C. B. (2022, November). A review of lighting research in educational spaces. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1099, No. 1, p. 012032). IOP Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1099/1/012032
 
12.    Bakmohammadi, P., & Noorzai, E. (2020). Optimization of the design of the primary school classrooms in terms of energy and daylight performance considering occupants’ thermal and visual comfort. Energy Reports, 6, 1590-1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.06.008
 
13.    Callejas, L., Pereira, L., Reyes, A., Torres, P., & Piderit, B. (2020, May). Optimization of natural lighting design for visual comfort in modular classrooms: Temuco case. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 503, No. 1, p. 012007). IOP Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/503/1/012007
 
14.    Carvalhêdo Almeida, G. K. F., Mendes Almeida, W. R., Costa Ferreira, M. J., Carvalho, G. F., Silva Pinto, G. G., Avelar Nascimento, A. L., & Gonç, M. C. (2018). Luminous Environmental Comfort in Classrooms in Northeast Brazil. Revista Ciência e Natura, 40. https://doi.org/10.5902/2179460X34438
 
15.    Costanzo, V., Evola, G., & Marletta, L. (2017). A review of daylighting strategies in schools: State of the art and expected future trends. Buildings, 7(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings7020041
 
16.    El-saggan, M. E., Abdelrahman, A. R., Aissa, W. A., & Reda, A. M. A. (2023). A Review of the Evolution of Daylighting Applications and Systems Over Time for Green Buildings. International Journal of Applied Energy Systems, 5(2), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.21608/ijaes.2023.187498.1016
 
17.    Englezou, M., & Michael, A. (2021, October). Investigation of various window sizes and glazing systems in terms of daylight performance and their impact on solar heat gains in typical healthcare patient rooms. In Proceedings of 16th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environmental Systems (pp. 1-385). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363769227
 
18.    Farivar, S., & Teimourtash, S. (2023). Impact of Window Design on Dynamic Daylight Performance in an Office Building in Iran. Journal of Daylighting, 10(1), 31-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2023.3
 
19.    Frans Fela, R., Sesotya Utami, S., Armanto Mangkuto, R., & Joko Suroso, D. (2019, September). The effects of orientation, window size, and lighting control to climate-based daylight performance and lighting energy demand on buildings in tropical area. In Building Simulation 2019 (Vol. 16, pp. 1075-1082). IBPSA. http://dx.doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2019.210677
 
20.    Gautam, R., & Bajracharya, S. B. (2021). The Daylight Assessment of classrooms in Community schools of Kathmandu Valley. In Proceedings of 10th IOE Graduate Conference,  https://conference.ioe.edu.np/ioegc10/papers/bibtex/ioegc-10-067-10091.bib
21.    Gündoğdu, E., & Kunduraci, A. C. (2019). Effect of window glazings’ visible transmittance to daylight factor and energy efficiency in an architecture studio. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10(4), 171-178.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336020532
 
22.    Hakimazari, M., Baghoolizadeh, M., Sajadi, S. M., Kheiri, P., Moghaddam, M. Y., Rostamzadeh-Renani, M., ... & Hamooleh, M. B. (2024). Multi-objective optimization of daylight illuminance indicators and energy usage intensity for office space in Tehran by genetic algorithm. Energy Reports, 11, 3283-3306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.03.011
 
23.    Ibrahim, N., & Zain-Ahmed, A. (2007, September). Daylight availability in an office interior due to various fenestration options. In 2nd PALENC Conference and 28th AIVC Conference on Building Low Energy Cooling and Advanced Ventilation Technologies in the 21st Century, Crete island, Greece (Vol. 1, pp. 436-440). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236578654
 
24.    Jia, Y., Liu, Z., Fang, Y., Zhang, H., Zhao, C., & Cai, X. (2023). Effect of Interior Space and Window Geometry on Daylighting Performance for Terrace Classrooms of Universities in Severe Cold Regions: A Case Study of Shenyang, China. Buildings, 13(3), 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030603
 
25.    Kharvari, F. (2020). A field-validated multi-objective optimization of the shape and size of windows based on daylighting metrics in hot-summer Mediterranean and dry summer continental climates. Journal of Daylighting, 7(2), 222-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2020.19
 
26.    Korsavi, S. S., Zomorodian, Z. S., & Tahsildoost, M. (2016). Visual comfort assessment of daylit and sunlit areas: A longitudinal field survey in classrooms in Kashan, Iran. Energy and Buildings, 128, 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.091
 
27.    Leslie, R. P., Radetsky, L. C., & Smith, A. M. (2012). Conceptual design metrics for daylighting. Lighting Research & Technology, 44(3), 277-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153511423076
 
28.    Liu, X., Sun, Y., Wei, S., Meng, L., & Cao, G. (2021). Illumination distribution and daylight glare evaluation within different windows for comfortable lighting. Results in Optics, 3, 100080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2021.100080
 
29.    Longmore, J., Petherbridge, P., & Hopkinson, R. G. (1966). Daylighting. Heinemann. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/2086434
 
30.    Maleki, A., & Dehghan, N. (2021). Optimum characteristics of windows in an office building in isfahan for save energy and preserve visual comfort. Journal of Daylighting, 8(2), 222-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/JD.2021.18
 
31.    Mangkuto, R. A., Rohmah, M., & Asri, A. D. (2016). Design optimisation for window size, orientation, and wall reflectance with regard to various daylight metrics and lighting energy demand: A case study of buildings in the tropics. Applied energy, 164, 211-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.046
 
32.    Maroofi, N., Mahdavinejad, M., & Moradi Nasab, H. (2023). Daylightophil educational buildings; Case Study: Optimizing of the southern walls'''' openings of the classrooms in Semnan. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climate, 10(16), 164-181. https://doi.org/10.22034/ahdc.2023.18776.1668
 
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1.      American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers. (2008). ASHRAE handbook: HVAC systems and equipment (I-P edition). ASHRAE. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/ashrae-handbook
 
2.      Abderraouf, S., Mustapha, A., Abdelhamid, I., & Haithem, M. (2023, March). Vision-based indoor lighting assessment approach for daylight harvesting. In 2023 International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Control and Communication Systems (ICAECCS) (pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAECCS56710.2023.10104917
 
3.      Acosta García, I. J., Molina Rozalem, J. F., & Campano Laborda, M. Á. (2017). Analysis of circadian stimulus and visual comfort provided by window design in architecture. Lighting Research & Technology, 49(2), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153515592948
 
4.      Acosta, I., Campano, M. Á., & Molina, J. F. (2016). Window design in architecture: Analysis of energy savings for lighting and visual comfort in residential spaces. Applied Energy, 168, 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.005
 
5.      Acosta, I., Campano, M. A., Molina, J. F., & Fernández-Agüera, J. (2019). Analysis of visual comfort and circadian stimulus provided by window design in educational spaces. Int. J. Eng. Technol, 11(2), 105-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/IJET.2019.V11.1131
 
6.      Acosta, I., Munoz, C., Campano, M. A., & Navarro, J. (2015). Analysis of daylight factors and energy saving allowed by windows under overcast sky conditions. Renewable Energy, 77, 194-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.017
 
7.     
Figure 9. Key Findings

Acosta, I., Navarro, J., Sendra, J. J., & Esquivias, P. (2012). Daylighting design with lightscoop skylights: Towards an optimization of proportion and spacing under overcast sky conditions. Energy and Buildings, 49, 394-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.02.038
 
8.      Alhagla, K., Mansour, A., & Elbassuoni, R. (2019). Optimizing windows for enhancing daylighting performance and energy saving. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(1), 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.01.004
 
9.      AL-Mowallad, E. A. M. S., & Li, X. (2023, April). The Influence of Glazing types on improving daylight factor and reducing glare in classrooms based on numerical simulations. In 2023 8th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing (ICSP) (pp. 575-579). IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSP58490.2023.10248889
 
10.    Alrubaih, M. S., Zain, M. F. M., Alghoul, M. A., Ibrahim, N. L. N., Shameri, M. A., & Elayeb, O. (2013). Research and development on aspects of daylighting fundamentals. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 494-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.057
 
11.    Angelaki, S., Besenecker, U., & Danielsson, C. B. (2022, November). A review of lighting research in educational spaces. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1099, No. 1, p. 012032). IOP Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1099/1/012032
 
12.    Bakmohammadi, P., & Noorzai, E. (2020). Optimization of the design of the primary school classrooms in terms of energy and daylight performance considering occupants’ thermal and visual comfort. Energy Reports, 6, 1590-1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.06.008
 
13.    Callejas, L., Pereira, L., Reyes, A., Torres, P., & Piderit, B. (2020, May). Optimization of natural lighting design for visual comfort in modular classrooms: Temuco case. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 503, No. 1, p. 012007). IOP Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/503/1/012007
 
14.    Carvalhêdo Almeida, G. K. F., Mendes Almeida, W. R., Costa Ferreira, M. J., Carvalho, G. F., Silva Pinto, G. G., Avelar Nascimento, A. L., & Gonç, M. C. (2018). Luminous Environmental Comfort in Classrooms in Northeast Brazil. Revista Ciência e Natura, 40. https://doi.org/10.5902/2179460X34438
 
15.    Costanzo, V., Evola, G., & Marletta, L. (2017). A review of daylighting strategies in schools: State of the art and expected future trends. Buildings, 7(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings7020041
 
16.    El-saggan, M. E., Abdelrahman, A. R., Aissa, W. A., & Reda, A. M. A. (2023). A Review of the Evolution of Daylighting Applications and Systems Over Time for Green Buildings. International Journal of Applied Energy Systems, 5(2), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.21608/ijaes.2023.187498.1016
 
17.    Englezou, M., & Michael, A. (2021, October). Investigation of various window sizes and glazing systems in terms of daylight performance and their impact on solar heat gains in typical healthcare patient rooms. In Proceedings of 16th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environmental Systems (pp. 1-385). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363769227
 
18.    Farivar, S., & Teimourtash, S. (2023). Impact of Window Design on Dynamic Daylight Performance in an Office Building in Iran. Journal of Daylighting, 10(1), 31-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2023.3
 
19.    Frans Fela, R., Sesotya Utami, S., Armanto Mangkuto, R., & Joko Suroso, D. (2019, September). The effects of orientation, window size, and lighting control to climate-based daylight performance and lighting energy demand on buildings in tropical area. In Building Simulation 2019 (Vol. 16, pp. 1075-1082). IBPSA. http://dx.doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2019.210677
 
20.    Gautam, R., & Bajracharya, S. B. (2021). The Daylight Assessment of classrooms in Community schools of Kathmandu Valley. In Proceedings of 10th IOE Graduate Conference,  https://conference.ioe.edu.np/ioegc10/papers/bibtex/ioegc-10-067-10091.bib
21.    Gündoğdu, E., & Kunduraci, A. C. (2019). Effect of window glazings’ visible transmittance to daylight factor and energy efficiency in an architecture studio. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10(4), 171-178.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336020532
 
22.    Hakimazari, M., Baghoolizadeh, M., Sajadi, S. M., Kheiri, P., Moghaddam, M. Y., Rostamzadeh-Renani, M., ... & Hamooleh, M. B. (2024). Multi-objective optimization of daylight illuminance indicators and energy usage intensity for office space in Tehran by genetic algorithm. Energy Reports, 11, 3283-3306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.03.011
 
23.    Ibrahim, N., & Zain-Ahmed, A. (2007, September). Daylight availability in an office interior due to various fenestration options. In 2nd PALENC Conference and 28th AIVC Conference on Building Low Energy Cooling and Advanced Ventilation Technologies in the 21st Century, Crete island, Greece (Vol. 1, pp. 436-440). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236578654
 
24.    Jia, Y., Liu, Z., Fang, Y., Zhang, H., Zhao, C., & Cai, X. (2023). Effect of Interior Space and Window Geometry on Daylighting Performance for Terrace Classrooms of Universities in Severe Cold Regions: A Case Study of Shenyang, China. Buildings, 13(3), 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030603
 
25.    Kharvari, F. (2020). A field-validated multi-objective optimization of the shape and size of windows based on daylighting metrics in hot-summer Mediterranean and dry summer continental climates. Journal of Daylighting, 7(2), 222-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2020.19
 
26.    Korsavi, S. S., Zomorodian, Z. S., & Tahsildoost, M. (2016). Visual comfort assessment of daylit and sunlit areas: A longitudinal field survey in classrooms in Kashan, Iran. Energy and Buildings, 128, 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.091
 
27.    Leslie, R. P., Radetsky, L. C., & Smith, A. M. (2012). Conceptual design metrics for daylighting. Lighting Research & Technology, 44(3), 277-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153511423076
 
28.    Liu, X., Sun, Y., Wei, S., Meng, L., & Cao, G. (2021). Illumination distribution and daylight glare evaluation within different windows for comfortable lighting. Results in Optics, 3, 100080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2021.100080
 
29.    Longmore, J., Petherbridge, P., & Hopkinson, R. G. (1966). Daylighting. Heinemann. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/2086434
 
30.    Maleki, A., & Dehghan, N. (2021). Optimum characteristics of windows in an office building in isfahan for save energy and preserve visual comfort. Journal of Daylighting, 8(2), 222-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/JD.2021.18
 
31.    Mangkuto, R. A., Rohmah, M., & Asri, A. D. (2016). Design optimisation for window size, orientation, and wall reflectance with regard to various daylight metrics and lighting energy demand: A case study of buildings in the tropics. Applied energy, 164, 211-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.046
 
32.    Maroofi, N., Mahdavinejad, M., & Moradi Nasab, H. (2023). Daylightophil educational buildings; Case Study: Optimizing of the southern walls'''' openings of the classrooms in Semnan. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climate, 10(16), 164-181. https://doi.org/10.22034/ahdc.2023.18776.1668
 
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment
Volume 13, Issue 2
Spring 2026
Pages 63-78

  • Receive Date 01 January 2025
  • Revise Date 17 November 2025
  • Accept Date 03 February 2026