Advanced Energy Technologies
Mohsen Babaiee; Mohammad Zarei-Jelyani; Shaghayegh Baktashian; Rahim Eqra
Abstract
A mechanical technique was applied to the copper current collector of lithium-ion battery anode to improve interface adhesion between Cu foil and anode film. The mechanical and electrochemical performances of graphite anodes coated on Bare Cu Foil (BCF) and Modified Cu Foil (MCF) were evaluated. The ...
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A mechanical technique was applied to the copper current collector of lithium-ion battery anode to improve interface adhesion between Cu foil and anode film. The mechanical and electrochemical performances of graphite anodes coated on Bare Cu Foil (BCF) and Modified Cu Foil (MCF) were evaluated. The BCF and MCF anodes exhibited adhesion strengths of 1.552 and 1.617 MPa, respectively. The electrochemical studies of BCF and MCF anodes showed that the initial discharge capacity of graphite anode coated on the MCF (323.6 mAh g-1) was about 8 % higher than the BCF anode (299.9 mAh g-1). The BCF anode capacity reached 227.9 mAh g-1 after 100 charge/discharge cycles at 0.5C rate, while this value was 247.7 mAh g-1 for MCF anode. The results of electrochemical impedance spectra demonstrated that the diffusion coefficient of lithium-ion for MCF anode was about 56 % higher than that for BCF anode. On the other hand, the surface modification of the copper current collector reduced the charge transfer resistance of anode from 28.5 Ω to 23.2 Ω.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Gopal Nath Tiwari; Shikha Singh; Yashwant Kumar Singh
Abstract
This paper presents an analytical expression for the temperatures of the plant, room air, and solar cell, as well as the electrical efficiency, for a photo-voltaic thermal (PVT) roof façade of a greenhouse integrated semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal (GiSPVT) system. The expression considers ...
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This paper presents an analytical expression for the temperatures of the plant, room air, and solar cell, as well as the electrical efficiency, for a photo-voltaic thermal (PVT) roof façade of a greenhouse integrated semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal (GiSPVT) system. The expression considers climatic variables such as solar intensity and ambient air temperature, as well as design parameters such as the area of the PV module, electrical efficiency under standard test conditions (STC), temperature coefficient, and various heat transfer coefficients. Using monthly numerical computations for different parameters in Indian climatic conditions, this study evaluates energy matrices such as energy payback time (EPBT), energy production factor (EPF), and life cycle conversion efficiency (LCCE) for various solar cell materials, including single-crystalline (c-Si), multi-crystalline (mc-Si), amorphous (a-Si), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and cadmium telluride (CdTe), with and without thermal exergy. Considering that the life span of greenhouse materials varies from 5-30 years for low cost, medium, and high-tech greenhouses, different solar cell materials are recommended for different life spans of GiSPVT. Therefore, this study recommends suitable solar cell materials for known greenhousedesigns:(a) The EPBT and (LCCE considering thermal exergy for c-Si/mc-Si range from approximately 3.5 to 4.5 years and 13 to 22%, respectively. Consequently, these values render crystalline silicon solar cells highly fitting for application in high-tech greenhouses with a comparable lifespan.(b) For the CIGS, the EPBT is 1.17 years with an associated LCCE (including thermal exergy) of 16.44%. This establishes CIGS as particularly well-suited for deployment in cost-effective greenhouse environments designs:(a) EPBT and LCCE for c-Si/ mc-Si are about 3.5 to 4.5 years and 13 to 22%, respectively, with respect to thermal exergy. Hence, these two solar cell materials are most suitable for high-tech greenhouses that are similar to crystalline solar cell in terms of life cycle. (b) EPBT and LCCE of CIGS are 1.17 years and 16.44%, respectively, with respect to thermal exergy. Hence, the solar cell material of CIGS is most suitable for low-cost greenhouses.
Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
Hasan Hekmatnia; Ahmad Fatahi Ardakani; Armin Mashayekhan; Morteza Akbari
Abstract
As a key economic element, energy plays an important role in the development of societies. Economic growth and its urgent need for energy highlight the need for optimal energy use. Wind energy is an energy source that has become an increasingly common source of electricity. In this study, socio-economic ...
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As a key economic element, energy plays an important role in the development of societies. Economic growth and its urgent need for energy highlight the need for optimal energy use. Wind energy is an energy source that has become an increasingly common source of electricity. In this study, socio-economic impacts of the cost of electricity generated by wind power plants were assessed with Iran as the focus of this study. The environmental impacts of wind energy were also considered by reviewing and analyzing research papers. Studies showed that although the use of wind energy in Iran began in Manjil in northern Iran, no significant progress has been made in this field despite all the efforts over the past years. The results indicated that the initial cost of launching wind turbines was the most important factor in the failure of this technology. The costs of purchasing turbines, construction of roads, provision of electrical infrastructure, project management, installation of turbines, insurance premiums, grid connections, and power lines were shown to affect costs of energy production. Furthermore, operation and maintenance costs, the choice of installation location, increasing production capacity, expansion of the energy market, and policies in the country can play an essential role in determining the cost of wind energy production. Given that power generation using wind turbines are economical, it is recommended that turbines be installed in suitable windy locations. In addition, considering that one of the crises facing the world and especially Iran is environmental pollution, utilizing energies such as wind energy for generating electricity is advised due to their lower pollutant emissions and lower economic and social costs.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Mehdi Jahangiri; Fatemeh Karimi Shahmarvandi; Reza Alayi
Abstract
The use of small-scale Combined Heat and Power (CHP) to meet the electrical and thermal needs of buildings has grown exponentially and plans have been made in Iran to expand these systems. In view of the above, in the present work, for the first time, sensitivity analysis has been performed on the parameters ...
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The use of small-scale Combined Heat and Power (CHP) to meet the electrical and thermal needs of buildings has grown exponentially and plans have been made in Iran to expand these systems. In view of the above, in the present work, for the first time, sensitivity analysis has been performed on the parameters of natural gas price, annual interest rate, and the price of pollutant penalties. The CHP system studied included fuel cell, biomass generator, solar cell, wind turbine, and gas boiler. The techno-econo-enviro simulations were performed by HOMER software and the study area was Abadan. The use of a dump load to convert excess electricity into heat and heat recovery in a biomass generator and fuel cell are other advantages presented by the present work. The minimum Cost of Energy (COE) is 1.16 $/kWh. The results also showed that the use of biomass generators was economical when the annual interest rate was 30 %. The significant effect of using dump load on the required heat supply and the lowest price per kg of hydrogen produced equal to $ 35.440 are other results of the present work. In general, the results point to the superiority of solar radiation potential over wind energy potential of the study area and the prominent role of dump load in providing heat on a residential scale is clearly seen. Also, for the current situation, using biomass is not cost-effective.
Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
Mohammad Javad Amiri; Ali Sayyadi
Abstract
The rising temperature of the earth's surface and the formation of heat islands in megacities have become two of the biggest environmental threats. This compound problem affects urban climatology, including urban vegetation and air pollution, human health, and the environment, including the group of ...
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The rising temperature of the earth's surface and the formation of heat islands in megacities have become two of the biggest environmental threats. This compound problem affects urban climatology, including urban vegetation and air pollution, human health, and the environment, including the group of vulnerable members of the society and public health, leading to the growing death rate. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the leading causes of temperature changes and the development of a thermal island in the city of Tehran following the expansion of this metropolis in recent decades. This research uses thermal remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze information from Landsat satellite images in (TM-ETM-TIRS) sensors from 1984 to 2020. The results of the research indicated that the surface temperature of the city of Tehran during the years 1984 to 1996, 1998 to 2008, and 2010 to 2020 experienced a relative increase in the summer and winter seasons. In the first decade, the average temperature of the green layer was -7, while the temperature of the magenta and red layers were 20 and 25 degrees, respectively. In the second decade, the average temperatures of the green and dark green classes were -1 and 3 while they were 23 and 27 degrees for the magenta and red classes, respectively. In the third decade, the average temperatures of the green and dark green classes were -1 and 3, and thost of the magenta and red layers increased to 28 and 31 degrees, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of vegetation cover based on the NDVI index pointed to the continuing reduction of vegetation in the studied years. Regarding the direct correlation between the heat island and vegetation and the concentration of the heat island in the city center, further measures must be taken and the vegetation cover should be increased to reduce the heat island. The city center needs to be decentralized as part of the remedy via proper urban design and planning.
Advanced Energy Technologies
Payam Ghorbannezhad; Maryam Abbasi
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was investigated in a tandem micro-pyrolyzer. The effects of temperature and particle size on the phenolic compounds and hemicellulose products distribution were examined during fast pyrolysis process. For this, changes in the micro-reactor parameters were made (particle ...
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Fast pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was investigated in a tandem micro-pyrolyzer. The effects of temperature and particle size on the phenolic compounds and hemicellulose products distribution were examined during fast pyrolysis process. For this, changes in the micro-reactor parameters were made (particle size between 0.1 and 0.5 mm and reactor temperature between 450 and 600 °C). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize pyrolysis parameters. The results indicated that the temperature had the highest effect on phenolic and furfural-type compounds, whereas the particle size did not exhibit significant effects on carboxylic acid products. The largest number of phenolic compounds were achieved upon decreasing the temperature and increasing particle size. The ANOVA analysis revealed that the full quadratic model was more adequate for phenolic and furfural compounds, whereas the linear square model was accurate for carboxylic acids. In general, a tandem micro-pyrolyzer interfacing with a GC-MS analysis facilitated a better understanding of a chemical composition of biomass and therefore, could remarkably improve the valorising of sugarcane bagasse application in biorefinery processes.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Muhamad Mustafa Mundu; Stephen Ndubuisi Nnamchi; Onyinyechi Adanma Nnamchi
Abstract
The present study is concerned with the development, estimation and validation of sunshine hours models (SHM) in Uganda. The SHM is based on geographical (latitude) and climatological (clearness index) indices. The meteosat data (1984-2018) acquired from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ...
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The present study is concerned with the development, estimation and validation of sunshine hours models (SHM) in Uganda. The SHM is based on geographical (latitude) and climatological (clearness index) indices. The meteosat data (1984-2018) acquired from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration were used to compute the coefficients of the models which, yielded a coefficient of determination close to unity, signifying a good association between the sunshine hours (SH) and the associated indices. The models become distributed by introducing a longitudinal function of clearness index into the primary SHM developed. Moreover, the models were subjected to statistical validation using; mean absolute relative error (MARE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage difference (APD). Consequently, the primary SHM showed strong agreement with the measured SH data in the three regions with the exception of the northern region with flawed on-station data. Also, validation of the models by; {MARE, RMSE, APD} for Eastern, Central and Western regions, yielding the following results; {0.0788,0.5441,7.8778},{0.0390,0.1453,3.9013} and {0.0124,0.0528,1.2436}, respectively. The following maximum SH; 11.16, 7.87, 9.52, 8.86 and 6.06 h were recorded for Non-regional, Northern, Eastern, Central and Western regions, respectively. Further, comparative validation with redeveloped global SHM showed that the present model stands in all the regions, whereas the global models validated only in the Eastern region. This is attributed to the synergy of geographical and climatological indices against the global models only based on climatological index. The model results show the order of regional SH distribution; eastern>northern>central>western region. These results could be employed in solar power, exploitation and agrometeorology development. This study further recommends for adoption of the present model to non-equatorial regions upon redevelopment as a meaningful extension of this work.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Babak Tohidi; Majid Delshad; Hadi Saghafi
Abstract
A new interleaved high step-up converter with Zero Voltage Transition (ZVT) is proposed for operation in this paper. The main advantages of the proposed converter are low input current ripple and low voltage stress on the power switches, high efficiency, low total component count, and eliminating reverse ...
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A new interleaved high step-up converter with Zero Voltage Transition (ZVT) is proposed for operation in this paper. The main advantages of the proposed converter are low input current ripple and low voltage stress on the power switches, high efficiency, low total component count, and eliminating reverse recovery problem of power diodes. Due to the soft switching operation of the switches and diodes in the converter, the efficiency has been enhanced. Also, the switches do not have capacitive turn on loss due to ZVT operation. The proposed converter uses only one power switch to provide ZVT conditions for all switches and the clamp capacitor transfers its energy to the lifting capacitor, which causes increase in voltage gain of the converter. Because of the interleaved structure, the converter has a low input ripple current and this advantage makes it very suitable for solar applications. The proposed converter is analysed and a 580W prototype is made to verify theoretical analyses.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Ararsa Derese Seboka; Fiseha Bekele Teshome; Motuma Tolera Feyissa
Abstract
This study was conducted in the Loka Abaya District of Sidama Region, Southern Ethiopia to assess the environmental impacts of biomass energy production with particular emphasis on charcoal and firewood. The data collection was undertaken using the questionnaire survey administered to 186 randomly selected ...
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This study was conducted in the Loka Abaya District of Sidama Region, Southern Ethiopia to assess the environmental impacts of biomass energy production with particular emphasis on charcoal and firewood. The data collection was undertaken using the questionnaire survey administered to 186 randomly selected households. This task was followed by key informant interviews and an analysis of the literature. The sampled households produced 208 432.9 kg firewood yr-1 for domestic consumption and 261 039.8 kg charcoal yr-1 for sale in town. 2.3 × 10-6 km2 of the forest is cleared to produce a single sack of charcoal. Charcoal and firewood production is totally responsible for the degradation of 39.4 ha of forest per year. The associated emissions of CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, and TNMHC (total non-methane hydrocarbon) during the production and consumption of firewood and charcoal were calculated based on the emission factors indicated by previous studies. The results demonstrated that the trace gases produced during charcoal making were higher than that of charcoal burning. Further, the amounts of greenhouse gases generated during firewood burning were higher than the onesgenerated during charcoal burning. In order to minimize the challenges of deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions caused by charcoal and firewood consumption, a strategy of promoting the utilization of alternative clean energy sources such as solar and biogas should be implemented in parallel to the effort of adoption of improved biomass energy-saving cook stoves.
Advanced Energy Technologies
Mahnoosh Eghtedari; Abbas Mahravan
Abstract
Increasing fossil fuel consumption in the building, especially in the air-conditioning sector, has increased environmental pollution and global warming. In this research, a zero-energy passive system was designed to ventilate the building and provide comfortable conditions for people in the summer. A ...
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Increasing fossil fuel consumption in the building, especially in the air-conditioning sector, has increased environmental pollution and global warming. In this research, a zero-energy passive system was designed to ventilate the building and provide comfortable conditions for people in the summer. A hybrid passive system was designed for indoor cooling to minimize fossil energy use. This research was done experimentally- and analytically and by simulation. An experimental study comprising a test chamber and simulation using Builder Design software was carried out to evaluate the cooling and ventilation potential of a hybrid passive system functioning. In the experimental section, air temperature, humidity, and airflow for the outdoor environment and the output of the evaporative cooling channel were measured. These measurements were tested in August from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM for six consecutive days. The obtained experimental data were given to Design Builder software as an input parameter, and then, the comfort conditions inside the chamber, the dimensions, and location of the air inlet valve into the chamber were examined. The findings showed that the proposed system could reduce the air temperature by an average of 10 oC and increase the air humidity by 33 %. The findings showed that the air inside the chamber was comfortable during the hottest hours of the day. Raising the valve location, increasing the area, and increasing the volumetric flow rate of the air increased the percentage of dissatisfaction. The findings showed that in addition to wind speed and air temperature, the geometrical shape of the air inlet opening contributes to indoor air comfort conditions.
Advanced Energy Technologies
Mohamad Shafagati; Aziz Babapoor; MohammadAli Bamdezh
Abstract
This article investigates the utilization of thermal management systems for electric car applications and their optimization through the incorporation of phase change materials (PCMs) and nanoparticles (NPs). In recent years, with the expansion of the automobile sector and the introduction of electric ...
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This article investigates the utilization of thermal management systems for electric car applications and their optimization through the incorporation of phase change materials (PCMs) and nanoparticles (NPs). In recent years, with the expansion of the automobile sector and the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into the market, new challenges have emerged. One critical challenge is managing heat in lithium batteries, as the performance of these batteries can deteriorate significantly outside the normal temperature range. Consequently, this research delves into the reasons favoring passive thermal management systems over active ones in the electric vehicle industry. Additionally, it elucidates the motivations behind opting for active thermal management systems and explores research on various types of phase change materials (PCMs) utilized in this domain, along with the impact of nanoparticle additives. The objective is to comprehensively understand why researchers employ different types of phase change materials (PCMs) in this field and how these materials can influence battery cooling, including factors such as the thermal conductivity of PCMs. It also scrutinizes which materials and simulations have been proposed for these systems and assesses their potential applicability to other vehicle components, as several components of electric vehicles that remain unexamined in the literature become increasingly apparent. In conclusion, the proposal is considering the use of phase change materials in other automobile components.
Renewable Energy Economics, Policies and Planning
Maryam Hafezparast; Seiran Marabi
Abstract
Understanding of climate change and its impacts on river discharge has affected the quality and quantity of water and also supplying water requirements for drinking, agriculture and industry. Therefore, prediction of precipitation and temperature by climate models as well as simulation and optimization ...
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Understanding of climate change and its impacts on river discharge has affected the quality and quantity of water and also supplying water requirements for drinking, agriculture and industry. Therefore, prediction of precipitation and temperature by climate models as well as simulation and optimization of their runoff with suitable models are very important. In this study, four climate models of the Fifth Coupled Model Inter comparison Project (CMIP5) and RCP8.5 scenario were used to forecast future precipitation and temperature for the next two periods including 2020-2052 and 2053-2085. Mean Observed Temperature-Precipitation (MOTP) method was used to reduce the uncertainty of climate models and the change factor method was used to downscale the climate data. Then, the Lumped-conceptual Identification of unit Hydrographs and Component flows from Rainfall, Evaporation and Stream flow data (IHACRES) model and multi-layer Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model were employed to estimate the effects of these parameters on the Khorramrood River runoff. The neural network model is written and implemented using Scikit-Learn library and the Python programming language. The comparison of performance of ANN models with different input variables like monthly precipitation, monthly precipitation of previous months, monthly discharge, monthly discharge of previous months, monthly temperature was made to find the best and most efficient network structure. The results showed that the precipitation in Khorramrood River basin based on the weighted combination model decreased by 8.18 % and 9.75 % in the first and the second periods, respectively, while the temperature increased by 1.85 and 4.22 °C, respectively. The discharge parameter in the calibration and validation period in the IHACRES model based on criteria to evaluate the parameters of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), The Coefficient of Determination (R), and the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) performed better than the artificial neural network model. However, due to the small differences of these changes, the predictions were performed for both periods and using both models and the results indicated that future discharge in the IHACRES model decreased by 12.72 % during the first period and by 20.3 % in the second period, while the model of artificial neural network showed decrease rates of 2.12 % and 6.97 %, respectively.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Stephen Ndubuisi Nnamchi; Onyinyechi Adanma Nnamchi; Kevin Nnanye Nwaigwe; Zaid Oluwadurotimi Jagun; Johnson Ugochukwu Ezenwankwo
Abstract
This study conducts a comparative evaluation of the performance of modules and the arrays under standard test conditions. An equivalent circuit model was developed alongside a computational scheme. The model input data were obtained from the manufacturer’s specification datasheets. They were used ...
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This study conducts a comparative evaluation of the performance of modules and the arrays under standard test conditions. An equivalent circuit model was developed alongside a computational scheme. The model input data were obtained from the manufacturer’s specification datasheets. They were used to analyse the maximum Fill Factor (FF) and Relative Power Losses (RPL) for Parallel (P), Series (S) and Series-Parallel (SP) configurations. For matching modules, the RPL was insignificant, but for mismatched modules, the parallel configuration (P) and series-parallel (SP) yielded RPL of 1.3 %, while the series configuration (S) produced RPL of 2.6 %. Thus, short circuit defects associated with the P and SP configuration were well below the open circuit defects associated with the series configuration (S). These results clearly show that the large photovoltaic plant needs to be configured with multiple blocks or strings of SP configuration in order to suppress RPL. In addition, the designer and installers of large solar power plants should adopt modules with uniform electrical and thermal properties in the construction of large solar power plants. The trivial RPL associated with the matched modules should be taken into consideration, as well.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Hemad Zareiforoush; Adel Bakhshipour; Iraj Bagheri
Abstract
Drying process is an important post-harvest stage of food crops production which accounts for about 20 % of the world’s energy consumption in the industrial sector. One of the effective ways to reduce the share of fossil fuel consumption in the food drying process is to develop new drying systems ...
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Drying process is an important post-harvest stage of food crops production which accounts for about 20 % of the world’s energy consumption in the industrial sector. One of the effective ways to reduce the share of fossil fuel consumption in the food drying process is to develop new drying systems based on the use of renewable energy sources. In this research, a novel solar-assisted multi-belt conveyor dryer was developed and its performance was analysed. The required thermal energy for drying process was supplied by the combination of solar-gas water heaters and four solar-powered infrared (IR) lamps. The experimental factors included the speed and temperature of the drying air and the power of IR lamps. The performance characteristics were drying time, Overall Specific Energy (OSE), Non-Solar Specific Energy (NSE), Overall Energy Efficiency (OEE), and Solar-Assisted Energy Efficiency (SEE). The optimization process of the drying system was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by defining two general modes for the energy sources of the drying system, namely overall mode and solar-assisted mode. Based on the results, the lowest OSE (17.30 MJ/kg water evaporated) was obtained when the speed and temperature of the drying air were equal to 7 m/s and 40 °C, respectively, without using IR power. The lowest NSE (2.71 MJ/kg water evaporated) was achieved by applying the treatment of 7 m/s * 40 °C * 300 W. The maximum OEE was equal to 13.92 % whilst the maximum SEE was obtained as 88.71 %. Both of the mentioned maximum values were obtained at the speed and temperature combination of 7 m/s and 40 °C and their difference was applying 300 W IR power to gain maximum SEE and no IR utilization for the maximum OEE. According to RSM analysis, the optimum working conditions for the drying system included the treatment of 7 m/s * 39.96 ºC * 300 W. Under this condition, the drying time, NSE, and SEE values were equal to 180.95 min, 1.062 MJ/kg water evaporated, and 84.63 %, respectively.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Mahdi Shahmari; Payam Zarafshan; Shahriar Kouravand; Morteza Khashehchi
Abstract
Renewable energies as a clean replacement resource of fossil fuels have many advantages, among which wind has the potential to be the very applicable source in the world. To use wind energy, two kinds of turbines have been developed; the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) and Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine ...
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Renewable energies as a clean replacement resource of fossil fuels have many advantages, among which wind has the potential to be the very applicable source in the world. To use wind energy, two kinds of turbines have been developed; the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) and Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). In small scale applications, using a VAWT has some advantages such as low cost and noise, simple mechanism, and the low sensitivity to the wind direction. In this paper, the design and analysis of a combined wind turbine, consist of the Savonius-Darrieus rotor, are performed to use in irrigation applications. To predict the output power, a series of experiments were conducted using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. For this purpose, ANSYS fluent and Q-Blade software programs are used. To design the rotor performance, NACA symmetric airfoils are considered. Next, this combined turbine was made and experimental tests were performed. Finally, the output power is computed and so, the water flow rate for irrigation purposes such as water pumping is obtained. The results indicate that the self-starting of the turbine is improved using the considered design. This could be useful in regions with low wind speed.
Renewable Energy Economics, Policies and Planning
Ali Khatibi; Mohammad Hossein Jahangir; Fatemeh Razi Astaraiea
Abstract
Land-use change is one of the most important spatial phenomena that can affect the usage of energy technologies. In this study, land-use change in barren and residential areas in Alborz province in Iran was modeled using the cellular automata combined with the Markov Chain from 2001 to 2031. Due to adaptability ...
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Land-use change is one of the most important spatial phenomena that can affect the usage of energy technologies. In this study, land-use change in barren and residential areas in Alborz province in Iran was modeled using the cellular automata combined with the Markov Chain from 2001 to 2031. Due to adaptability to the environmental considerations, all protected areas were removed from the study area. Then, an economical and performance-based optimization model was developed; then, by using the status of the two land-use classes in 2031, an optimum scenario was identified for generating solar electricity. Based on the results, the optimum scenario involves installing distributed photovoltaic modules in 18.37 % of residential areas and setting up concentrated solar systems in 0.74 % of barren areas, simultaneously. Economic investigation of the optimum scenario showed that although there were some environmental and political benefits for using the solar electricity such as reduction of air pollutants and more energy safety, the optimum scenario will be costly and non-economical without the government’s financial supports.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Gokul Raghavendra Srinivasan; Aditya Mahajan; Rajiv Seth; Rakesh Mahajan
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the role of characterized hydrocarbons in thermally cracked shell liquid in determining its overall fuel properties and combustion characteristics in a CI engine. For this purpose, waste shell liquid was extracted from waste cashew nut shell by means of cold extraction ...
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The present study aims to explore the role of characterized hydrocarbons in thermally cracked shell liquid in determining its overall fuel properties and combustion characteristics in a CI engine. For this purpose, waste shell liquid was extracted from waste cashew nut shell by means of cold extraction technique using a simple electrically operated mechanical screw press, which reported maximum extractable oil content as 17.7 %. In addition, it was thermally cracked at 350-400 °C using conventional heating for both lab-scale and pilot-scale extraction. Based on its chemical composition, raw shell liquid contained anacardic acid and cardol, while thermally cracked shell liquid had cresol and methyl oleate as their dominant hydrocarbon compounds. Their composition was found to be 51.84 %, 33.68 %, 43.87 %, and 28.49 %, respectively. According to their contribution, both cyclic and aromatic as well as linear-chained hydrocarbons exhibited significant effect on the fuel properties of the cracked shell liquid, with carbon atoms contributing to its physical and thermal properties, whereas cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons enhance its flow characteristics. Next, neat and blend samples of this cracked shell liquid with petro diesel reported higher peak in-cylinder pressure by 5.6 % (on average) due to the presence of fatty acid esters, which induced early ignition and provided sufficient time for combustion. Meanwhile, higher emission levels were attributed by both cyclic and aromatic and linear-chained hydrocarbons, citing aromaticity and unsaturation in their molecules, which also resulted in reduced thermal efficiencies by 12.5 % (on average), upon accounting for their inferior calorific content. In conclusion, it is evident that hydrocarbons in these treated shell liquids play a significant role in their fuel properties and engine characteristics.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Francis Olatunbosun Aweda; Segun Adebayo; Adetunji Ayokunnu Adeniji; Timothy Kayode Samson; Jacob Adebayo Akinpelu
Abstract
Wind energy has been identified as a critical component in the growth of all countries throughout the world. Nigeria has been identified as having energy issues as a result of poor maintenance of hydro and thermal energy generating stations. As a result, the current study uses some machine learning approaches ...
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Wind energy has been identified as a critical component in the growth of all countries throughout the world. Nigeria has been identified as having energy issues as a result of poor maintenance of hydro and thermal energy generating stations. As a result, the current study uses some machine learning approaches over wind speed data for energy generation in the country. Machine learning models were employed for wind speed using selected meteorological parameters. Little research was done using some meteorological data and machine learning to investigate wind speed across Nigerian sub-stations, resulting in the need for further research. This research, on the other hand, focuses on a neural network for forecasting, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network model based on several fire-work algorithms (FWA). The data for this study came from the archive of the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) Web service, which was modeled. The LSTM predicts the wind speed model based on the FWA, which used hyper-parameter optimization and was based on a real-time prediction model that was dependent on the change and dependence of the neural network. The study data was split into two categories: test and training. According to the validation technique, the sample data was reviewed, and the first 80 % of the data was utilized for training, as revealed by the (LSTM) network model. The remaining 20 % of the data was used as forecast data to ensure that the model was accurate. The normalization of the data for the wind speed range of 0 to 1 which illustrates the process data, the high peak in 1985 (a = 0.12 m/s, b = 0.11 m/s, c = 0.13 m/s, d = 0.08 m/s, e = 0.06 m/s, f = 0.10 m/s) was discovered. However, the summary result of the performances of different 11 Machine Learning algorithms of regression type for each of the seven locations in Nigeria has different values. As a result, it is recommended that this study will facilitate the prediction of wind speed for energy generation in Nigeria.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Abolfazl Taherzadeh Fini; Abolfazl Fattahi
Abstract
Energy crisis in the world motivates countries to hire new and renewable energies. One of the main and valuable renewable sources of energy is agricultural waste. This is widely disposed of through the world during the harvest, packing, and transportation. In many countries, agricultural waste is considerably ...
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Energy crisis in the world motivates countries to hire new and renewable energies. One of the main and valuable renewable sources of energy is agricultural waste. This is widely disposed of through the world during the harvest, packing, and transportation. In many countries, agricultural waste is considerably weighty. Nonetheless, most of that is used for animal feed or herbal fertilizer and no useful value is added. Despite its location in an arid region, Iran produces various citrus, cereals, and vegetables in high tonnage. The waste of the agricultural product, especially those disposed of by the food processing industries, such as fruit juice factories, remains also useless. The potential of the residues to extract biofuel is investigated in the current experimental study. Six samples of abundant agricultural products in Iran are chosen: sugarcane, grape, potato, orange peel, date, and mulberry. The processes of pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation are performed and the extracted juice is directed to the distiller to gather bioethanol. To evaluate the distilled juice purity, a gas chromatography test is carried out. It is shown that date and mulberry can produce a maximum of 29.5 and 23 ml (ethanol)/100 g (dry waste) as the most efficient agricultural products.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Dorsa Razeghi Jahromi; Ali Minoofar; Ghazal Ghorbani; Aslan Gholami; Mohammad Ameri; Majid Zandi
Abstract
Floating photovoltaic solar systems offer numerous advantages, including reduced land usage, diminished water evaporation, and lowered thermal losses compared to terrestrial installations. If widely adopted, this system has the potential to generate a staggering 10,600 TWh of electricity. The widespread ...
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Floating photovoltaic solar systems offer numerous advantages, including reduced land usage, diminished water evaporation, and lowered thermal losses compared to terrestrial installations. If widely adopted, this system has the potential to generate a staggering 10,600 TWh of electricity. The widespread implementation of this technology could curtail water evaporation by approximately 30%. Floating solar power plants operate at temperatures about 20°C cooler than their terrestrial counterparts, enabling floating panels to yield up to 33.3% more energy. Furthermore, floating photovoltaic systems exhibit an 18.18% greater efficacy in curbing greenhouse gas emissions compared to their land-based counterparts. The heightened adoption of this system is driven by diverse factors, including escalating energy demand, ecological concerns, land-use constraints, and water scarcity, all contributing to sustainability. Despite the manifold benefits of these systems, there exist drawbacks associated with this technology, such as heightened panel corrosion, challenges in cleaning, and potential adverse environmental impacts that need to be addressed. This study meticulously examines the merits and challenges of floating photovoltaic systems in comparison to land-based installations through the content analysis method, meticulously categorizing pertinent research within the existing literature. Tailored approaches to cooling and cleaning, suited to the distinct installation conditions and environments of these systems, are concisely outlined. Through a comprehensive literature review and a meticulous comparison of cooling methods, it has been ascertained that the application of such strategies for floating solar plants yields an efficiency increase of 5-7% in the short term. Consequently, this study furnishes an initial guide for researchers and designers engaged in the development of both floating and land-based solar photovoltaic systems.
Advanced Energy Technologies
Samira Jafari; Mehran Ameri Mahabadi
Abstract
As a result of growing energy demand, shortage of fossil fuel resources, climate change, and environmental protection, the need for renewable energy sources has been growing rapidly. However, there is an urgent need to cope with intermittency and fluctuation of renewable energies. Various energy storage ...
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As a result of growing energy demand, shortage of fossil fuel resources, climate change, and environmental protection, the need for renewable energy sources has been growing rapidly. However, there is an urgent need to cope with intermittency and fluctuation of renewable energies. Various energy storage systems are considered as appropriate solutions to the above-mentioned problem. In the present manuscript, a novel compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system was proposed. Furthermore, an extra thermal energy storage with Therminol VP-1 as a working fluid, coupled with Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC), was added to the system. This integration is conducive to rising the inlet temperature of turbines and reducing the work load that should be done by the compressors. In the present study, a method based on software product including Engineering Equation Solver (EES) for determining thermodynamic characters per component and System Advisor Model (SAM) was employed to model the solar field for a desired location. Energy and exergy analyses were conducted to evaluate the whole cycle performance during charging and discharging periods. In this study, the city of Kerman located in the south-eastern part of Iran, with Direct Normal Incidence (DNI) of 950 , was selected for the present modeling. The results of a random day (June 22/2019) at time 15:00 represented the exergy efficiency of 66.98 % and the round trip efficiency of 93.14 %. High exergy efficiency and round trip efficiency of this system make this idea applicable to enhancing the total performance of the entire system.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Shiva Shadpour; ALi Pirouzi; Mohsen Nosrati; Hoda Hamze
Abstract
Long mixing time, high power consumption, and small mass transfer coefficients are common problems in the photobioreactor design for microalgae culture which have a great effect on system efficiency and performance, CO2 stabilization, and biomass production. In this study, a special design of the triangular ...
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Long mixing time, high power consumption, and small mass transfer coefficients are common problems in the photobioreactor design for microalgae culture which have a great effect on system efficiency and performance, CO2 stabilization, and biomass production. In this study, a special design of the triangular external loop airlift photobioreactor was studied. The bioreactor's geometry was such that the angle between hypotenuse and the horizontal side ( ) could vary. This configuration created an effective gas-liquid countercurrent flow in the downcomer section. In the present research, hydrodynamic and mass transfer of the reactor were investigated on the microalgae productivity under different design and operating parameters. The optimum conditions for the enhancement of Chlorella vulgaris productivity were explored by analyzing the mixing time ( ), volumetric power consumption (P/V), mass transfer coefficients ( ), bubble diameter (d), and gas holdup ( ) as responses. The results showed that the hypotenuse angle of = 59o and the superficial gas velocities of the = 0.0050 m.s-1 for the downcomer and = 0.008 m.s-1 for the riser of the reactor were the best conditions to achieve the highest biomass productivity. The responses’ values obtained in the optimum condition were as follows: = 19.67 (h-1), = 23.79 (h-1), = 23.76 (h-1), = 0.41, and = 62.83 , which had a smaller deviation than the actual values. The highest concentration of Chlorella vulgaris ( 1.4 g.l-1) achieved in this work was obtained in a shorter span of time (11th day of cultivation) based on the growth curve in optimized conditions.
Renewable Energy Economics, Policies and Planning
Ritu Jain; Vasundhara Mahajan
Abstract
In this study, energy management of grid-connected Multi-Microgrid (MMG) is performed through joint optimization of the energy and ancillary service market. The test system comprises the IEEE 30 bus system as the main grid and the 16-bus system as an MMG. The MMG is comprised of dispatchable and non-dispatchable ...
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In this study, energy management of grid-connected Multi-Microgrid (MMG) is performed through joint optimization of the energy and ancillary service market. The test system comprises the IEEE 30 bus system as the main grid and the 16-bus system as an MMG. The MMG is comprised of dispatchable and non-dispatchable generation and loads. The non-dispatchable generators are based on renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar and wind. The uncertainty modeling for wind and solar is performed by Weibull and beta probability distribution function. The strategic integration of RES helps MMG deliver both energy and ancillary services to the utility grid. This research aims to reduce the total energy cost while reducing reserve cost by maximizing the use of RES under normal operation and during contingency conditions. It is observed that if MMG is incorporated into the system, then the total generation cost, reserve cost, and power losses are reduced to 0.11 %, 0.325 %, and 1.201 %, respectively, in normal operating conditions. Under contingency, when Generator 5 is out of service and the main grid is operating alone, the total generation cost increased significantly from 22118.92 $ day-1 to 22435.68 $ day-1 and the real power loss increased from 233.35 MW day-1 to 245.11 MW day-1. However, by interconnecting MMG with the main grid, generation cost and power loss get reduced to 22375.60 $ day-1 and 243.35 MW day-1, respectively. It is analyzed that participation of MMG provides techno-economic benefits during normal operation and contingency conditions.
Renewable Energy Economics, Policies and Planning
Nur Aini; Widi Hastomo; Ratna Yulika Go
Abstract
The percentage of production and utilization of hydrocarbon resources from the livestock sector has raised concerns regarding the worldwide issue of global warming. A total of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and waste management has been estimated at 78.3 %. Meanwhile, N2O emissions are 75-80 ...
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The percentage of production and utilization of hydrocarbon resources from the livestock sector has raised concerns regarding the worldwide issue of global warming. A total of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and waste management has been estimated at 78.3 %. Meanwhile, N2O emissions are 75-80 % of total agricultural emissions. This raises questions about the extent of global warming due to increased CO2 resulting in changes in weather and global warming. This research aims to predict Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from manure management and present policy alternatives for Indonesian livestock development. Secondary data was taken from a related website (fao.org) with coverage throughout Indonesia from 1961 to 2021, containing 12,480 rows and 5 column features including item, Element, Year, Unit, and Value emission. LSTM and GRU are used to predict the trend of emission from manure management to provide alternative policies on greenhouse gas mitigation in Indonesia. The results showed that based on 15 types of livestock that emit GHG emissions, 3 types of livestock produce the highest emissions from 1961 to 2021: (a) cattle, (b) cattle and non-dairy, and (c) poultry. Significant reduction in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2eq) in 2020 is indicated by reduced public consumption and hampered supply chains with large-scale social restrictions (covid-19 pandemic policy). Based on these results, fertilizer storage duration can be used as a policy to reduce CO2eq emissions, hence it is desired that fertilizer management techniques can be properly regulated. Mitigation can also be accomplished by utilizing livestock waste as biogas and upgrading animal feed additives with chitosan or potassium nitrate.
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Satyaprasad Mohapatra; Akshaya Kumar Patra; Debswarup Rath
Abstract
The design of a Spotted Hyena Optimization Algorithm-Variable Parameter Tilt Integral Derivative with Filter (SHO-VPTIDF) controller for improved performance and enhanced devaluation of harmonic components of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the main objective of the suggested manuscript. The SHO-VPTIDF ...
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The design of a Spotted Hyena Optimization Algorithm-Variable Parameter Tilt Integral Derivative with Filter (SHO-VPTIDF) controller for improved performance and enhanced devaluation of harmonic components of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the main objective of the suggested manuscript. The SHO-VPTIDF controller is proposed by reformulating Tilt Integral Derivative Controller with Filter (TIDCF). The TIDCF is characterized by longer simulation time, lower robustness, longer settling time, attenuated ability for noise rejection, and limited use. This research gap is addressed by replacing the constant gains of TIDCF by variable parameter tilt integral derivative with filter. The VPTIDF replaces the constant gains of TIDCF with error varying control parameters to improve the robustness of the system. The photovoltaic system with nonlinearities causes power quality issues and occasional faults, which can be detected by using Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm (LMA) based machine learning technique. The novelties of the proposed manuscript including improved stability, better robustness, upgraded accuracy, better harmonic mitigation ability, and improved ability to handle uncertainties are verified in a Matlab simulink environment. In this manuscript, the SHO-VPTIDF and the Direct and Quadrature Control based Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (DQCSPWM) method are employed for fault classification, harmonic diminishing, stability enhancement, better system performance, better accuracy, improved robustness, and better capabilities to handle system uncertainties.
